Bonobo: The Forgotten ApeUniversity of California Press, 1997 - 210 頁 This remarkable primate with the curious name is challenging established views on human evolution. The bonobo, least known of the great apes, is a female-centered, egalitarian species that has been dubbed the "make-love-not-war" primate by specialists. In bonobo society, females form alliances to intimidate males, sexual behavior (in virtually every partner combination) replaces aggression and serves many social functions, and unrelated groups mingle instead of fighting. The species's most striking achievement is not tool use or warfare but sensitivity to others. In the first book to combine and compare data from captivity and the field, Frans de Waal, a world-renowned primatologist, and Frans Lanting, an internationally acclaimed wildlife photographer, present the most up-to-date perspective available on the bonobo. Focusing on social organization, de Waal compares the bonobo with its better-known relative, the chimpanzee. The bonobo's relatively nonviolent behavior and the tendency for females to dominate males confront the evolutionary models derived from observing the chimpanzee's male power politics, cooperative hunting, and intergroup warfare. Further, the bonobo's frequent, imaginative sexual contacts, along with its low reproduction rate, belie any notion that the sole natural purpose of sex is procreation. Humans share over 98 percent of their genetic material with the bonobo and the chimpanzee. Is it possible that the peaceable bonobo has retained traits of our common ancestor that we find hard to recognize in ourselves? Eight superb full-color photo essays offer a rare view of the bonobo in its native habitat in the rain forests of Zaire as well as in zoos and research facilities. Additional photographs and highlighted interviews with leading bonobo experts complement the text. This book points the way to viable alternatives to male-based models of human evolution and will add considerably to debates on the origin of our species. Anyone interested in primates, gender issues, evolutionary psychology, and exceptional wildlife photography will find a fascinating companion in Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape. |
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I | |
II | 1 |
III | 3 |
IV | 5 |
V | 8 |
VI | 14 |
VII | 23 |
VIII | 24 |
XXII | 103 |
XXIII | 107 |
XXIV | 108 |
XXV | 110 |
XXVI | 117 |
XXVII | 123 |
XXVIII | 133 |
XXIX | 135 |
IX | 28 |
X | 34 |
XI | 43 |
XII | 48 |
XIII | 57 |
XV | 62 |
XVI | 64 |
XVII | 72 |
XVIII | 85 |
XIX | 90 |
XX | 101 |
XXX | 142 |
XXXI | 158 |
XXXII | 169 |
XXXIII | 171 |
XXXIV | 175 |
XXXV | 179 |
XXXVI | 191 |
XXXVII | 197 |
XXXVIII | 199 |
XXXIX | 201 |
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adult female adult males aggression Akili alliances Amy Parish animals baboons bipedal Boesch bonobo behavior bonobo females bonobo males bonobo society bonobos and chimpanzees bonobos Pan paniscus captive bonobos chim close compared competition cooperation copulation cultural ethogram evolutionary feeding female bonding female bonobos female dominance fieldwork fights FRANS DE WAAL FRANS LANTING Fruth Furuichi GG-rubbing gorillas grooming habitat hand Hohmann hominid human evolution hunting individuals infant infanticide juvenile Kano Kanzi Koguma Kuroda live Lomako Loretta male bonobos male chimpanzees mate moat monkeys mother natural nests observations offspring orangutans Pan paniscus Panbanisha Panzee parties patterns percent Perhaps Photo populations primates primatologist pygmy chimpanzee rain forest receptivity relations relatively reproduction rubbing San Diego Zoo Savage-Rumbaugh Savanna scientists sexual behavior species studies Sue Savage-Rumbaugh Susman Thompson-Handler tion tool Tratz tree Vernon vocal Wamba whereas chimpanzees wild bonobos Wrangham Yerkes young Zaire River