Removals from office discussed by,
3690, 3767, 3820.

Republican form of government dis-
cussed by, 3566.

Restoration policy of, discussed by,
3551, 3570, 3593, 3643, 3781, 3870.
(See also Provisional Governors;
Reconstruction.)

Right of States to representation in
Congress, discussed by, 3644.
State of the Union discussed by, 3551,
3570, 3589, 3593, 3643, 3756, 3837,
3871.

Tariff discussed by, 3773.

Thanksgiving proclamations of, 3530,
3636, 3748, 3858.

Veto messages of-
Admission of-

Arkansas, 3846.

Certain Southern States, 3748.
Colorado, 3611, 3681.
Nebraska, 3687.

Amending judiciary act, 3844.
Civil-rights bill, 3603.

Continuation of Freedmen's Bu-
reau, 3620.

Discontinuance of Freedmen's Bu-
reau, 3852.

Duties on imported copper and cop-
per ores, 3903.

Elective franchise in District of
Columbia, 3670.

Enabling New York and Montana
Iron Mining and Manufacturing
Co. to purchase lands, 3614.
Establishing Freedmen's Bureau,
3596.

Exclusion of electoral votes of
States lately in rebellion, 3849.
Government of rebel States, 3696,
3743.

Acts supplementary to, 3729,
3734.

Pocket veto of Missouri volunteer
bounty bill, 3733.

Surveying district of Montana,
3624.

Tenure of civil offices, 3690.
Trustees of colored schools in Wash-
ington and Georgetown, 3903.
War between the States, termination
of, proclaimed, 3515, 3627, 3632.
Correction in date of, 3447.
Johnstown Flood. (See illustration op-
posite 5131, and description on back.)
Joint Committee on Printing of Con-
gress, powers of, discussed, 8845-8.
Joint Resolution.-A resolution passed by
both the House of Representatives and the
Senate requiring the President's signature
to become effective.

Jonathan, or Brother Jonathan.-A term
used to denote the typical American.

Its

origin has been explained in several ways,
but the most plausible seems to be that it
grew out of Washington's reference to his
friend and adviser, Jonathan Trumbull,
governor of Connecticut.

Jones, The, sum accruing from sale of,
to be paid owners of, 2111.
Jonesboro (Ga.), Battle of. On the
night of Aug. 25, 1864, Gen. Sherman gave
up the direct siege of Atlanta and attempted
to gain possession of the Macon railroad to
the southward. A part of his forces was
moved back to the Chattahoochee to the
northwest and others pushed southwest.
The Army of the Tennessee, under Howard,
having destroyed the roads southwest of
Atlanta, moved east toward Jonesboro,
twenty miles south of Atlanta. Hood, learn-
ing of this movement, sent Hardee's corps to
defend Jonesboro. When Howard reached
the town on the evening of Aug. 30 he found
Hardee in possession. The latter attacked
Howard on the 31st. After an engagement
of two hours the Confederates retired with
a loss of 1,400 killed and wounded. During
the night Hardee retired to Lovejoy. See-
ing his position in Atlanta indefensible,
Hood, on Sept. 1, blew up his magazines
and evacuated the city, which was occupied
by Gen. Slocum with the Twentieth Army
Corps.

Jorgen Lorentzen, The, appropriation
for seizure of. ecommended, 3271.
Josephine, e referred to, 1030.
Journals of Congress.-The proceedings
of Congress trou 1774 to 1788 were first
published at Philadelphia. They comprised
13 octavo volumes and were completed in
1788. This is the only record of the Con-
tinental Congress and that of the Confed-
eration (except the "Secret Journals"), but
contains no debates nor laws, that body
being without legislative powers, although
It adopted many resolutions, ordinances,
and recommendations to the states. These
journals were re rinted in Washington in
1823 in 4 octavo volumes. "The Journa
Acts, and proceedings of the Convention
Assembled at Philadelphia which frames
the Constitution of the United States" was
published at Boston in 1819. There were
also published in Boston in 1821, four vol-
umes of the "Secret Journals of the Acts
and Proceedings of Congress from the First
meeting thereof to the Dissolution of the
Confederation by the adoption of the Con-
stitution of the United States." Accord
Ing to the requirements of the Constitu-
tion, the Journals of Congress have been
printed each session since its adoption.
(See Annals of Congress; Cong., etc.)
Judge Advocate General, Navy Depart-
ment. This officer was authorized by act
of Congress of June 8, 1880. He is ap-
pointed by the President, and must be an
officer of either the Navy or the Marine
Corps. He holds the title of Captain of
the Navy, or, if he be appointed from the
Marine Corps, the title of Colonel in the
Marine Corps; and he receives the highest
pay pertaining to these offices. The judge
advocate general is the legal officer of the
Navy Department. He acts as prosecuting
officer and legal adviser in all courts-mar-
tial, and receives, revises, and records all
court-martial proceedings. He also inves-
tigates the regulations concerning the naval
prisons, and renders all other legal aid re-
quired by the department. (See Navy De-
partment; Justice Department.).

Judges, Circuit:

Increase in number of, recommended,

4453, 4526, 4574, 4939, 5103, 5968.
Inequality in amount of labor as-
signed each, discussed, 1756.
Judges, District, increase recommended
in-

Number of, 4939, 5103.

Salaries of, 5478, 5561, 7209, 7525.
Judgments, setting aside of, on techni-
calities, 7025.

(See also Courts; Judges; Law;
Laws; and Judiciary System.)
Judicial Salaries. (See Salaries, Ju-
dicial.)

Judiciary. The Federal judiciary system
was modeled after that of Great Britain.
In the early history of England and of the
American colonies the legislative bodies had
judicial powers, and the English Parlia-
ment is still known as the High Court of
Parliament, and the Legislature of Massa-
chusetts as the General Court. Most of
these powers, however, were soon trans-
ferred to more compact bodies having ex-
clusively judicial functions. Almost the
only judicial function retained by legisla-
tive bodies is the power of impeachment
of high officers. The first step toward a
Federal judiciary were the commissions
which decided land cases between the
states. Commissioners of appeal decided
prize cases, and in 1781, under the Articles
of Confederation, these were erected into a
court. The Constitution of 1787 provided
for a Supreme Court and such inferior
courts as Congress might establish. By the
judiciary act of 1789 circuit and district
courts were established. In 1891 the cir-
cuit court of appeals was added to this
system. The Court of Claims, the Court of
Private Land Claims, and a system of Ter-
ritorial courts have also been established by
Congress. The Judiciary system of the
several states is similar in a general way
to that of the United States. (See also
Courts.)

Judiciary System (see also Justice,
Department of):

Act-

Making appropriation for certain
judicial expenses vetoed, 4493.

f

Jugo-Slavia. The Jugo, or South, Slavs
represent the southern branch of the Slavs,
and live not only in pre-War Austria, but
also in Servia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bul-
garia, Macedonia, Montenegro. They com-
prise about 1,400,000 Slovenes, living in
the former Austrian provinces of Carinthia,
Carniola, and Styria; and about 8,000,000
Serbo-Croations, living in the former south-
ern Hungarian provinces of Croatia, Bos-
nia, Herzegovina, Slavonia, and in Mace-
donia, while they form the bulk of the
population in Servia.

The Jugoslavs overran the Roman Em-
pire as part of the general barbarian inva-
sion in which the Czecho-Slovaks also came
into what is now Austria-Hungary. Owing
to the fact, however, that the Jugoslavs
settled farther to the south than the Czecho-
Slovaks, they came to a much greater ex-
tent under the civilizing influence of Rome
-indeed, for many years served as a buffer
state between Rome and the other Bar-
barian peoples. When the Catholic religion
split into its western and eastern divisions,
the Croats remained with Rome while the
Serbs went over to the Greek Church. Their
first state in the modern sense of the word
was formed in the ninth century, but soon
disappeared. For the next several cen-
turies the Southern Slavs existed as many
separate tribes and principalities, all in the
feudal system, which coalesced into some-
thing of a national power again in the four-
teenth century.

But on June 28, 1389, the Serbs were
defeated by Turkish invaders at Kossovo,
and from that time until the nineteenth cen-
tury the Jugoslavic peoples lived under the
control of the Turk. Their first spirit of
revolt against Asiatic domination to assert
itself with any degree of success dates from
1815, although the Serbs were not freed
from Turkish oppression until 1867. That
portion of the Jugoslavs later under Magyar
domination in Austria-Hungary fell under
that domination in the nineteenth century,
and the history and the solutions of the
Jugoslav problem are hence a vital part of
the entire Balkan problem. (See Austria-
Hungary; Greece; Servia; Balkan States.)

In 1905, the Serbs and Croats within the
Dual Monarchy were brought more closely
together than previously by the coalition
of their political parties in the Hungarian
Reichsrat.

With the military collapse of Austria-
Hungary by the end of October, 1918, the
Jugo-Slavs were able to establish their in-
dependence and by the end of 1918 or-
ganized a single state comprising Servia,
Montenegro and the Serbs, Croats and Slo-
venes of the former Austro-Hungarian Em-
pire. However, the road of the new state
was far from even. The differences of re-
ligion and outlook among the constituent
elements were serious, and operated to-
ward disunity. Not only were there quar-
rels between the Serbs and the Croats, but
there were also bitter charges among the
non-Serbs that the new state was being
used to further the ends of the old Ser-
via at the expense of the other portions.
The dispute with Italy concerning the dis-
position of Fiume and of the Dalmation
littoral (see pages 8702, 8789, 8830) con-
tinued for many months after the forma-
tion of the new state, and made its national
life abnormal.

See also Servia, Montenegro and Austria-
Hungary.

Jugo-Slavia:

Fiume and claims of, discussed, 8702,
8789, 8830-9.

Food to be given, 8685.

Hungarian control over, discussed,
8788. (See also Austria-Hungary.)
Independence of-

Discussed, 8696, 8731. (See also
Austria-Hungary.)
Recognized, 8607.

Italy and, boundary dispute between,
discussed, 8703, 8789, 8830.

The

Juilliard vs. Greenman.-One of several
important legal tender cases. Juilliard hav-
ing contracted a sale of cotton for
$5,122.90 to Greenman. the latter paid
$22.90 in coin (which was accepted) and
offered payment of the residue in United
States notes. Juilliard refused to accept
the notes, demanding gold or silver.
case came before the circuit court for the
southern district of New York, which found
a verdict for Greenman on the ground that
notes issued by the United States are legal
tender for payment of any debt. The
Supreme Court, March 3, 1884, the case hav-
ing been appealed to that tribunal on a
writ of error, affirmed this judgment, thus
establishing the constitutionality of the
legal-tender act of March 31, 1862. George
F. Edmunds and Benjamin F. Butler ap-
peared as counsel in this case, the former
for plaintiff in error, the latter for defend-
ant. Justice Gray, in delivering the opinion,
stated that the prohibition in the Consti-
tution of the United States to the several
States to coin money, emit bills of credit.
or make anything but gold and silver coin
a legal tender for debts does not deny to
Congress either of these powers. These are
powers incident to sovereignty, and the im-
pressing upon Treasury notes the quality
of being legal tender in payment of private
debts is an appropriate means, conducive
and plainly adapted to the execution of the
undoubted powers of Congress, consistent
with the letter and spirit, and therefore
within the meaning, of the Constitution.
The wisdom and expediency of such meaning

is a political question to be determined by
Congress, and not a judicial question to be
afterwards passed upon by the courts. Jus-
tice Field filed a dissenting opinion.
Jules et Marie, The, collision with
United States Steamer San Jacinto,
appropriation to former recom-
mended, 3343.

Junket.-A word applied to any feast or
merry-making, convivial entertainment, or
picnic. Politically, any trip, excursion, or
entertainment by an official at public ex-
pense under the guise of public service.
Jurists, International Commission of,
referred to, 7780.

Jurors, fees of, referred to, 4730, 4770,
4836.

Jury. A certain number of men selected
according to law and sworn to inquire into
or to determine facts concerning a cause or
an accusation submitted to them and to
declare the truth according to the evidence
adduced. The custom of trying accused
persons before a jury as practiced in this
country and England is the natural out-
growth of rudimentary forms of trials in
vogue among our Anglo-Saxon ancestors.
The ancient Romans also had a form of
trial before a presiding judge and a body
of judices. The right of trial by jury is
guaranteed by the Constitution in

all

criminal cases and at common law in cases
where the amount in dispute exceeds $20.
A petit or trial jury consists of 12 men
selected by lot from among all the citizens
residing within the jurisdiction of the
court. Their duty is to determine ques-
tions of fact in accordance with the weight
of testimony presented and report their
finding to the presiding judge. An impar-
tial jury is assured by the practice of
drawing by lot and then giving the ac-
cused the right to dismiss a certain num-
ber without reason and certain others for
good cause. Each of the jurymen must
meet certain legal requirements as to ca-
pacity in general and fitness for the par-
ticular case upon which he is to sit, and
must take an oath to decide without prej
udice and according to testimony presented.
A coroner's jury or jury of inquest is us
ually composed of from seven to fifteen per-
sons summoned to inquire into the cause of
sudden or unexplained deaths. (See also
Grand Jury.)

Jury System discussed, 319.
Justice:

Miscarriage of, in case of beef-pack-
ers, 7291.

custom

Obstructions to, in case of offenders
against the Government, 6918, 7003.
Justice, Department of. The several
colonies, following the
of Eng-
land, had their attorneys-general from early
times. By the Judiciary Act of Sept. 24,
1789, the first Congress under the Consti-
tution directed the appointment of an At-
torney-General who should act as legal ad-
viser to the President and heads of De-
partments and conduct cases in the Su-
preme Court in which the United States
was concerned. The small salary of $1,500
a year which Congress voted was fixed
on the supposition that the Attorney-Gen-
eral would devote only a part of his time
to his official duties. Edmund Randolph,

however, the first occupant of the office,
devoted his entire time to questions which
arose in connection with the organization
of the courts and their procedure. The
salary was gradually increased until, in
1853, it was made $8,000, equal to those
of the other members of the Cabinet.
clerical force was provided, however, and
not until 1818, during the attorney-gener-
alship of William Wirt, was any appropria-
tion made for clerical hire or office ex-
The clerical force was gradually

No

incresced until, in 1855, it consisted of nine

employees, but the First Assistant Attor-
ney-General was not appointed until 1859.

A very important step was taken in the
organization of the Department in 1861,
when the Attorney-General was given con-
trol over the various district attorneys.

By an act of Congress of 1870 what had.
been the Attorney-General's office was for-
mally organized as the Department of Jus-
tice. Under this act the office of Solicitor-
General was created; two Assistant Attor-
neys-General (since increased to eight)
were provided for, and the law officers of
the other Departments were placed under
the Attorney-General's control. Since its
organization the work of the Department
and the number of its employees have
steadily increased until, at the present
time, about two hundred and sixty officers
and employees in Washington and nearly
thirteen hundred in various parts of the
United States are under the control of the
Department.

The Attorney-General, the head of the
Department, is the chief legal officer of
the country. He is and has been from the
beginning, a member of the President's
Cabinet, and gives his advice and opinions
when consulted by the President or heads
of Departments. He also supervises the
work of the district attorneys and United
States marshals. Opinions on Constitu-
tional questions must come from the At-
torney-General himself; opinions on other
matters may be given by his assistants.
Trials in which the Government is inter-
ested may be conducted by the Attorney-
General or the Solicitor-General, who acts
as his assistant and assumes his duties in
his absence.

The Assistant to the Attorney-General,
an office distinct from those of Assistant
Attorneys-General, has special charge of
matters arising out of the anti-trust and
interstate commerce laws (q. v.).

Eight Assistant Attorneys-General and
one Special Assistant aid the Attorney-
General and Solicitor-General, some hav-
ing charge of special lines of business, such
as the defense of cases in the Court of

Claims (q. v.) and before the Spanish
Treaty Claims Commission. The Special
Assistant Attorney-General is at the head
of the Bureau of Insular and Territorial
Affairs. Special attorneys may be ap-
pointed when necessary. The Attorney-
General also has supervision and control of
the law officers connected with the various
Departments, that is to say the Assistant
Attorneys-General for the Interior and
Post Office Departments, the Solicitors of
the Departments of State and the Treas-
ury, and the Solicitor of Internal Reve-
nue in the Treasury Department.
act as chief law officers of the Department
or office with which they are connected.
A General Agent of the Department has
charge of United States jails and prisons,
and an Accounting Division examines the
accounts of United States district attor-
neys and marshals.

These