build up such relations of confidence and sympathy as to insure the free approach of their men to them for counsel and assistance, not only in military organizational matters but in personal or family duties or perplexities. This relationship is gained and maintained without relaxation of the bonds of discipline and with great benefit to the service as a whole.

LOYALTY

Even with implicit obedience the soldier may yet fail to measure up to that high standard of duty which should at once be his pride and glory. Not until he carries out the desires and wishes of his superiors in a hearty, willing and cheerful manner is he meeting all the requirements of his profession. For an order is but the will of his superior, however it may be expressed. Loyalty means that he is for his organization and its officers and noncommissioned officers-not against them; that he always extends his earnest and most hearty support to those in authority. His attitude and conduct should be such as to furnish example to all others.

Above all things, the soldier should be a model of loyalty and devotion to his country. He is a guardian not only of its safety but of its honor and dignity.

1. Historical significance.-In the intercourse between gentlemen there are certain acts of civility and respect which are commonly termed as courtesy. The usual acts of courtesy, such as salutations and greetings, have had a gradual development, and because of constant usage many of them are now recognized as rules. The practice of these established rules is a mark of good breeding, gentlemanly demeanor and culture.

One of the most ordinary acts of courtesy practiced through the ages is the greeting exchanged between persons upon meeting. In the days of knighthood the salutation was the raising of the visor of the helmet by the junior knight, exposing the face as an assurance of trust, friendliness and recognition, to which the senior knight gave acknowledgment by raising his visor. This method of exchanging greetings has been modified gradually, but the fundamental idea still exists. The raising of the hand or the doffing of the hat are ordinary methods of salutation by civilians. Common courtesy recognizes and gives deference to those of a greater age and to those who have gained distinction or position.

The exchange of courtesies has likewise existed between military men for centuries, and a set of rules, based on precedent, has grown up in each of the armies of the world. The sets of rules which accurately define courtesies in military circles, together with certain other unwritten rules (customs of the service), are known as "military courtesy". Military courtesy within the American Army provides for proper recognition for the symbol

of the nation, its flag; for The National Anthem, the Star Spangled Banner; for high civil officials, and for officers of the Navy and the Marine Corps; and within its own organization, for those who have gained the commissioned grades of officers.

Courtesy among military men is indispensable to discipline. Respect to superiors should not be confined to obedience on duty, but should be extended on all occasions.

2. The military salute.-The salute is an important medium of exchanging courtesies within the Army. It has acquired, by virtue of tradition, a dignity and a significance of which every true and well-informed American is proud. It is distinguished from the civilian salutation with the hand by the precision and smartness with which it is rendered, a characteristic which befits the soldier's profession.

The enlisted man of the Army salutes the commissioned officer who returns the courtesy, just as the junior knight recognized the senior knight in the Middle Ages. There is another significance, however. The salute rendered recognizes the authority vested in the commissioned officer by the President of the United States. It is respect for the position of the officer and what that position represents.

A salute rendered to the flag or to The National Anthem is a token of respect for the ideals which it represents and for the traditions for which it stands. The salute so rendered in an acknowledgment of belief in the principles of the American government, an expression of patriotism, and an evidence of willingness to perform any duty which the country might require. 3. The position of attention.-In the rules prescribed for rendering honors and courtesies it is to be noted that the officer or soldier, when not in motion, assumes the position of the soldier, or "attention", (see par. 3, Chapter V), when about to salute a senior or when in the presence of a senior. The customary manner of greeting one to whom respect is to be shown is by rising. The standing position has always been one of privilege, and its use is derived from the former general custom when it was required that a person kneel in the presence of superiors or of royalty.

4. Removal of the hat.-The removal of the hat, when indoors and unarmed, in the presence of a senior officer is a custom handed down from the dawn of chivalry, when the wearer of the helmet removed his headgear as an indication of friendliness. The wearing of the hat at all times when under arms is likewise a custom that has been retained from the days of knighthood.

5. How and when to salute.-The various methods of saluting when without arms or when armed with the rifle are described and illustrated in paragraph 7, Chapter V, and in paragraphs 26 and 27, Chapter VI.

The rules for saluting persons as prescribed for the Army are as follows: a. Salutes will be exchanged between officers and enlisted men upon meeting, passing near, or being addressed within a military post, camp, station, headquarters, or armory on the following occasions: (1) When not in military formation; (2) when not at drill, work, games, or mess; (3) when not in public conveyances; or (4) when not at assemblies for purposes of social diversion or amusement.

b. When an officer enters a room where there are several enlisted men, the word attention is given by the first one who perceives him, when all rise, uncover, and remain standing at "attention" until the officer leaves the room or directs otherwise.

c. When an officer enters a mess hall or tent, enlisted men will refrain from eating and remain seated at "attention" until the command at ease, except that if the officer should address any individual enlisted man seated at mess, the latter will rise and stand at "attention".

d. An enlisted man, if seated, rises on the approach of an officer, faces toward him, stands at "attention", and if out-of-doors salutes. Standing, he assumes the position of "attention" and salutes. If the officer remains in the immediate vicinity salutes need not be repeated. Soldiers actually at work do not cease work to salute an officer unless addressed by him,

e. When an enlisted man enters a room where officers are present he will salute as follows:

(1) Under arms, if with rifle, render rifle salute, from order or trail arms, otherwise hand salute.

(2) Not under arms, remove headdress before entering room, after entering render hand salute.

f. Before addressing an officer, an enlisted man makes the prescribed salute. He will also salute upon the termination of the interview with, or upon leaving an officer.

g. An enlisted man in ranks, if not at "attention" will assume the position of "attention" when directly addressed by an officer.

h. In uniform, covered or uncovered, but not in formation, all persons in the military service salute as follows:

(1) Under arms, the salute prescribed for that arm (sentinels on interior guard duty excepted. See T. R. 135-15, Chapter XIV.)

(2) Not under arms, the hand salute.

i. In civilian dress, covered or uncovered, all persons in the military service salute each other with the hand salute.

j. In exchanging salutations with civilians on unofficial occasions, persons in the military service will raise the headdress or use the hand salute, as they prefer.

k. When several officers in company are saluted, all will return it.

1. Except in the field under campaign or simulated campaign conditions, a mounted officer or soldier will dismount before addressing a superior officer not mounted.

m. Saluting distance is that within which recognition of insignia of rank is easy. In general, it does not exceed 30 paces. (See paragraph 7, Chapter V.) n. When outside a military post, camp, station, headquarters, or armory, salutes are not required to be exchanged between officers and enlisted men, except when addressing each other.

o. All persons in the military service at all times and in all situations will pay the same compliments to officers of the Navy and Marine Corps, and to officers of the National Guard and Organized Reserves, as to officers of the Regular Army.

p. Organization or detachment commanders will salute officers of higher `grades, first bringing the organization to "attention" and then saluting.

q. In rendering honors to persons, when the command present arms is given, officers and men in uniform not in formation, in view and within saluting distance of the person to be honored, remain in that position until the completion of the ruffles and flourishes, or until the command order arms is given.

r. No salute is rendered when on the march, in the trenches, when at double time or at the trot or gallop.

8. When making or receiving official reports or on meeting out-of-doors all officers will salute. The junior will salute first, but when the salute is introductory to a report made at a military ceremony or formation to the representative of a common superior-as, for example, to the adjutant, officer of the day, etc.,—the officer making the report, whatever his rank, will salute first; the officer to whom the report is made will acknowledge by saluting that he has received and understood the report.

6. Customs of the service.-There are certain acts of courtesy that are not prescribed in Army Regulations but which, by custom, are generally accepted as official, and should be practiced by all those in the military service. Some of these are contained in the paragraphs which follow.

7. Use of the word "Sir".-In conversation among military men the use of the word Sir is much more prevalent than among civilians. Regulations prescribe that it be used when making the various reports at ceremonies, etc., and custom has made its use general in conversation. An enlisted man always makes use of it when addressing an officer and often when speaking to a noncommissioned officer. In official conversation among officers it is never omitted.

8. The third person.-An enlisted man begins his conversation with an officer by addressing him in the third person and refers to himself in the same way. As an example: "Sir, Private Brown would like to speak to the Captain about his insurance." In continuing the conversation Private Brown may properly use the first and second persons, as "I followed your advice in converting my insurance, etc."

9. Military titles. The proper military title is always used by an enlisted man in conversation with an officer--for example: Private Jones, Sergeant Doe, Major Smith. When the identity of the person named is certain the name may be omitted, for example, "The supply sergeant" or "The captain". This same custom is usually applied in official conversation between officers; in unofficial conversation there is some deviation from the rule. Seniors sometimes omit the titles when addressing juniors. Officers of the same grade often omit the title when addressing each other, except when they are not well acquainted. Unofficially, lieutenants are addressed as "Mister". It is also a custom to address all general officers as "General"; lieutenant colonels as "Colonel"; and first and second lieutenants as "Lieutenant".

10. Reporting to a senior.-An example to show the application of military courtesy when an enlisted man reports to an officer (or of a junior officer reporting to a senior) in an office, is as follows: Knock at the door and if invited in, enter, remove the headdress (if unarmed), stand at attention before the officer and salute. When the salute is acknowledged, make the report beginning somewhat like this, "Sir, Sergeant Jones reports that'