20. Salutes by individuals.—a. Whenever The National Anthem is played or To the Color (standard) is sounded, at the first note thereof all officers and enlisted men present in uniform, but not in formation, will stand at "attention", face toward the music and salute (except at "escort of the colors" or "retreat", when they will face toward the colors or flag and salute) retaining the position of salute until the last note is sounded. If in civilian clothes, they will stand at "attention" uncovered at the first note of The Anthem or To the Color (standard), holding the headdress in the hand over the left breast and so remain until the close, except that in inclement weather the headdress may be held slightly raised above the head.

b. The same marks of respect prescribed in a will be shown toward the national anthem of any other country when played upon official occasions.

21. Salutes by organizations.-a. A company in line or close column, or a larger unit in line or line of columns, at a halt (not in the field) and armed with the rifle, is brought to present arms before its commander salutes in the following cases: When The National Anthem is played, or when To the Color (standard) is sounded during ceremonies, or when a person is saluted who is its immediate or higher commander or a general officer, or when the national or regimental color is saluted.

b. At parades and other ceremonies, under arms, the command will render the salute prescribed and will remain in the position of salute while The National Anthem or To the Color (standard) is being played. If not under arms, organizations will be brought to "attention" at the first note of The National Anthem or To the Color (standard), and the salute prescribed rendered by the officer or noncommissioned officer in command.

c. In rendering honors at ceremonies, officers, and leaders of platoons and equivalent subdivisions, without arms in hand, execute the first motion of the hand salute at the command arms of present arms and the command right (left) of eyes right (left). They execute the second motion at the command arms of order arms and at the command front. Noncommissioned officers commanding platoons and equivalent subdivisions and armed with the rifle execute present arms and order arms with their platoons; during exercises in the manual, they remain at order arms; in executing eyes right (left), they execute the first motion of the rifle salute at the command right (left) and the second motion at the command front. (See also par. 5, p. 88.)

d. Officers and noncommissioned officers saluting individually when passing in review at ceremonies execute eyes right (left) at the first motion of the hand salute; they return to front when the salute is terminated.

1. Importance.-Nations of all history have recognized as vital to their existence the importance of maintaining a citizenry with sound and healthy bodies. The Greeks and the Romans increased the robustness and vitality of their races by developing and emphasizing the importance of athletic contests and competitive feats of athletic prowess. It was only after there was a loss of appreciation of the necessity for physical and moral vitality that they lost their leadership in the world to stronger and more virile peoples. In our own history it was the bodily vigor and strength of our forefathers that made possible, against great odds, the founding and the preservation of the United States of America.

2.."A sound mind in a sound body" is essential to victory in the battle of life. A man who is physically fit and maintains that condition holds the advantage over the man who is not. The healthy and vigorous man is an asset to the community and to the nation, and not a liability; he is able to fulfill the obligation to his country when called into her service.

3. The vigor of a nation is measured by the vigor of its people. We are all, therefore, obligated both from a personal and from a national standpoint to keep ourselves in the best possible physical condition. The method for accomplishing this result, generally-recognized as the best, is that of proper physical exercise. Of all the methods of physical exercises for providing proportionate muscular development, for stimulating erectness and strength of body, and for inspiring the man to walk with a firm and confident tread with chest up and shoulders square, setting-up exercises are the most effective. This was demonstrated, if demonstration was needed, by the uniform gaining of weight, chest expansion, and general health of those who attended the Officers' Training Camps during the World War.

4. Object.—The object which a course in physical training aims to attain is the development of the physical attributes of every individual to the fullest extent of his possibilities.

These, in order of their importance, may be summed up as follows:

a. General health and bodily vigor;

b. Muscular strength and endurance;
c. Self reliance;

d. Smartness, activity and precision.

It is upon the first of these, health and bodily vigor, that the development of all the other qualities, so essential to a soldier, is dependent, and for that reason the maintenance of robust health and the development of organic vigor should be considered the primary object of all this training.

5. It is not sufficient, however, for a soldier to be healthy; his profession demands that he possess more than the average amount of muscular strength and endurance in addition to good health, in order that he may be ready to exchange the comparative comforts of barrack life for the hardships of field service, at any moment, without diminishing his effectiveness. Hence the preparatory training he receives must contain elements which will enable him to do so successfully.

6. With robust health as a basis, and with the knowledge that he is the possessor of more than average strength and endurance, he must be taught how to value the former, and how to use the latter to the best advantage. By doing so he will, unwittingly, develop self-reliance, which, after all, is a physical quality, as it induces men to dare because of the consciousness of ability to do.

7. Smartness, activity, alertness and precision are the physical expressions of mental activity. All are essential qualities of the soldier. Precision and exactitude should always be insisted upon in the performance of all exercises prescribed.

8. The importance of Setting-up Exercises cannot be over-estimated. By this method alone can an all-round development be obtained. They should form a very important part of every drill.

9. As far as possible, every drill should be planned to embrace such setting-up exercises as will call into action all parts of the body. An exercise requiring considerable muscular exertion should be followed by one in which exertion is reduced to a minimum. One portion of the body should not be exercised successively— arm exercise should be followed by a trunk exercise; and that in turn by a leg, shoulder or neck exercise.

10. General rules. The work should be so conducted that the men are developed harmoniously; that is, any tendency to develop one side or one portion of the body at the expense of another, should be avoided.

11. Insist upon accurate and precise execution of every movement. By doing so, those essential qualities, activity, agility, gracefulness and accuracy will be developed, as well as strength and endurance.

12. It should be constantly borne in mind that these exercises are the means and not the end; and, if there be a doubt in the mind of the instructor as to the effect of an exercise, it is always well to err on the side of safety. Underdoing is rectifiable, overdoing frequently is not.

13. The drill should be made attractive, and this can best be accomplished by employing the mind as well as the body. The movements should be as varied as possible, thus constantly offering the men something new to make them keep their minds on their work.

14. Short and frequent drills should be given in preference to long ones, which are liable to exhaust all concerned, and exhaustion means loss of interest and benefit. All movements should be carefully explained, and, if necessary, illustrated by the instructor.

15. The lesson should begin with the least violent exercises, gradually working up to those that are more so, then gradually working back to the simpler ones, so that the men, at the close of the drill, will be in as nearly normal a condition as possible.

16. When one portion of the body is being exercised, care should be taken that the other parts remain quiet so far as the conformation of the body will allow. The men must learn to exercise any one part of the body independently of the other parts.

17. All physical training should be of such a character that the men will look forward to it with pleasure, not with dread, for the mind exerts more influence over the human body than all the gymnastic paraphernalia that was ever invented.

18. Exercise should be carried on as much as possible in the open air, and always in pure, dry air.

19. Never exercise to the point of exhaustion. If there is evidence of panting, faintness, fatigue or pain, the exercise should be stopped at once, for such symptoms are nature's way of saying "too much."

20. By constant practice, the men should learn to breathe slowly through the nostrils during all exercises.

A fundamental condition of exercise is unimpeded respiration. Proper breathing should always be insisted upon. "Holding the breath," and breathing only when it can no longer be held is injurious. Every exercise should be accompanied with an unimpeded and if possible an uninterrupted act of respiration. The inspiration and expiration depend to a great extent upon the nature of the exercise. Inhalation should always accompany that part of the exercise which tends to elevate and distend the thorax, as raising arms and head laterally, for instance; that part of an exercise which exerts a pressure against the walls of the chest, as for example, lowering the arms laterally from shoulders or overhead, should be accompanied by exhalation.

If after exercising the breathing becomes labored and distressed, it is an unmistakable sign that the work has been excessive. Such excess is not infrequently the cause of serious injury to heart and lungs, or to both. In cases where exercises produce palpitation, labored respiration, etc., it is advisable to recommend absolute rest or to order such exercises as will relieve the oppressed or over-taxed organ. Leg exercises, slowly executed, will afford much relief by drawing the blood from the upper to the lower extremities. They equalize the circulation, thereby lessening the heart's action and quieting the respiration.

21. Never exercise immediately after a meal. Digestion is more important at this time than any exercise.

Never eat or drink immediately after exercise; allow the body to recover its normal condition first, and the most beneficial results will follow. If necessary, pure water, not too cold, may be taken in small quantities, but the exercise should be continued, especially if in a state of perspiration.

22. Never, if at all possible, allow the underclothing to dry on the body. Muscular action produces an unusual amount of bodily heat; this should be lost gradually, otherwise the body will be chilled; hence, after exercise, never remove clothing to cool off, but, on the contrary, wear some wrap in addition. In like manner, be well wrapped upon leaving the gymnasium.

23. Cold baths, especially when the body is heated, as in the case after exercising violently, should be discouraged. In individual instances such baths may appear apparently beneficial, or at least not injurious; in a majority of cases, however, they can not be used with impunity. Tepid baths are recommended. When impossible to bathe, the flannels worn while exercising should be stripped off, the body sponged with tepid water, and then rubbed thoroughly with coarse towels. After such a sponge the body should be clothed in clean, warm clothing.

24. Flannel is the best material to wear next to the body during physical drill, as it absorbs the perspiration, protects the body against drafts and in a mild manner excites the skin. When the conditions permit it the men may be exercised in the ordinary athletic costume, sleeveless shirt, flappers, socks, and gymnasium shoes.

25. Commands. The various movements comprising an exercise are executed by commands, and, unless otherwise indicated, continuation of an exercise is carried out by repeating the command, which usually takes the form of numerals, the numbers depending on the number of movements that an exercise comprises. Thus, if an exercise consists of two movements, the count will be ONE, TWO; or if it consists of eight movements, the count will be correspondingly increased; thus, every movement is designated by a separate command. In exercises that are to be executed slowly, words rather than numerals are used, and these must be indicative of the various movements, as INHALE, EXHALE.

26. In continued exercise the preparatory command is explanatory. The command of execution causes the execution and the continuation is caused by a repetition of numerals denoting the number of movements required, or of words describing the movements if words are used. In order to prepare the men for the command HALT, the numeral or word immediately preceding the command should be given with a rising inflection.

For example:

1. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Thrust arms upward, 4. EXERCISE, ONE, TWO; ONE, TWO; ONE, HALT; the rising inflection preparatory to the command HALT being placed on the One preceding the HALT.

27. Each command must indicate by its tone how that particular movement is to be executed; thus, if an exercise consists of two movements, one of which is to be energized, the command corresponding to that movement must be emphasized.

28. Judgment must be used in giving commands, for rarely is the cadencé of two movements alike; and a command should not only indicate the cadence of an exercise, but also the nature of its execution.

Thus, many of the arm exercises are short and snappy, hence the command should be given in a smart tone of voice, and the interval between the commands should be short.

29. The leg exercises cannot be executed as quickly as those of the arm, therefore the commands should be slightly drawn out and follow one another in slow succession.

30. In the antagonistic exercises, where one group of muscles is made to antagonize another, and in tensing exercises, the commands are drawn out still more. In these exercises, words are preferable to numerals. In fact, it should be the object of the instructor to convey to the men, by the manner of his command, exactly the nature of the exercise.