b. Instruction.-(1) The instructor draws model sketches on the blackboard. He follows the method in the notes below and explains each step as he proceeds.

(2) The scouts copy the instructor's sketches.

(3) The instructor takes his unit outdoors, indicates a point, and has sketches of each type drawn by the scouts.

c. Notes.-(1) To aid the receiver to visualize the ground near an object or to help another scout locate the object from the same position

(a) Know what information you want to convey.

(b) Draw the more or less horizontal lines of the landscape.

(c) Put in prominent points. Leave out nonessentials.

(d) Do not show the foreground.

Plate 19.-Showing the method of making a simple panoramic sketch.

(e) Put down notes above the sketch.

(f) Indicate the azimuth to the most prominent point in the sketch.
(g) Give the sketch a title, show where made, and give date and time.
(h) Sign it.

(2) To aid the receiver to plot on a map the scout's position or that of an object discovered

(a) Find the azimuth from the posititon to that of the object to be shown.

(b) Estimate the distance.

(c) Draw the azimuth line and mark above it the azimuth and below
it the distance.

(d) At one end indicate the object and at the other the position.
(e) Find the azimuth to some point marked on the map or to the posi-
tion of the commanding officer. Draw this line of the sketch and
indicate the azimuth, distance, and object to which drawn.
(f) Sign the sketch.

11. Movement.—a. Principles.-Every scout must be trained so that he can pass through enemy outguards at night. To do this he must above all things keep quiet, for the slightest noise is heard long distances at night. Not only must a scout be able to creep and crawl stealthily, but he must know how to walk so as to make the least possible noise as he approaches the enemy position. Unless the night is very bright or many flares are being sent up, advance may be by crouching or creeping to within 100 yards of the enemy line. Beyond this point movement must be by crawling, to within 15 or 20 yards of the enemy line, where movement is possible only by inches. Every scout must know how to act when the enemy sends up flares. He must constantly be impressed with the fact that near the enemy at night nothing is more important than noiselessness in movement.

b. Application.-(1) Walking.-A scout can make good progress by walking at night if he goes silently.

(a) On soft ground, the scout should lower his advanced foot heel first, and then put the ball of the foot on the ground slowly and quietly.

(b) On hard ground, the scout should place the toe first and then gently lower the heel into place.

(c) Through grass, the scout should raise his foot above the grass before carrying it forward, and lowering it, heel first, as on soft ground.

(2) Crawling.-Crawling at night is done the same as by day (see par. 2), except that before each movement the scout should slowly feel the ground ahead of him to make certain nothing there will obstruct his passage or make a noise to reveal his presence. A trained scout can crawl to within 5 yards of a sentry without detection, whereas an untrained man probably can not get closer than 50 yards.

(3) Flares.-When a scout hears the "plop" of a flare leaving its discharger he should drop on the ground before the burst. However, if he is caught unexpectedly by a bursting flare he should freeze in position and remain motionless until the light dies down. The best time to move is just after the light has gone out. He must be careful not to be caught in motion by

recurrent flares.

(4) Special rules.

(a) On night missions, scouts should never wear steel helmets, because
they make a noise when they touch a bit of barbed wire or other
hard substance; they show an unmistakable outline, and they
prevent crawling with the face to the ground.

(b) Scouts should stop frequently and listen intently at each stop.
(c) Scouts should take advantage of all sounds, as, for example, by
moving during firing or during the rustling of wind in trees and
grass.

(d) Scouts should remain still if fired at and not return the fire ex-
cept to prevent capture by an enemy close at hand.

(c) Scouts should crawl sidewise in moving to a flank when near the

enemy.

c. Instruction.—(1) Demonstration.-The instructor demonstrates how much noise an untrained man makes in walking improperly. He then has a trained scout show the proper methods of silent walking on soft ground, on