until the north end of the needle is directly under the luminous mark on the glass top. The luminous mark on the open cover will point in the proper direction.

(2) Instruction.

(a) The instructor demonstrates and explains the above method in
detail, step by step. The men under instruction, each provided
with a compass, execute each movement as it is explained.
(b) The instructor indicates certain points and has the azimuth to
each determined and set off. He inspects the compasses and
indicates errors.

(c) The instructor has the men march on a given direction at night. c. Locating enemy positions.-(1) Gap in the enemy wire.--Having found a gap in the enemy wire, the scout should lie outside the gap and sight with his luminous compass on some prominent point on the skyline behind his own lines. When the needle comes to rest it is clamped, or if in oil the compass is held steadily. He then rotates the luminous index on the top to a point directly over the north end of the needle. The azimuth of the gap from the promient point is now registered. The scout carries back his compass without further adjustment. The azimuth can be placed on a map on his return.

(2) Enemy outguards.-The scout, or listening patrol, equipped with several compasses, should go to a known point outside of and close to the enemy wire, and lie there quietly. As sounds of the enemy are heard, sights are taken on them, and the compass clamped. A note is made and kept, with the proper compass, of the time and nature of each sound and of the estimated distance. On returning, notes and compasses are turned in and the data plotted on the map.

14. Estimating direction and distance.-a. Marching. The scout who has no compass at night must decide before starting on some means of keeping his direction.

(1) Means.

(a) The North Star is an excellent reference point and every scout should be able to locate it. (See Pl. 17-B.)

(b) A prominent object on the skyline or a star near the horizon in the direction of advance will be useful.

(c) Signal lights may be sent up from the outguards to guide men who are working out in front.

(2) Instruction.-The instructor shows the class at night how the North Star is indicated by the pointers of the dipper. Exercises should be held in which the scout is sent at night without a compass to a distant point and required to return, guiding his march by the stars or by prominent objects on the skyline.

b. Estimating sounds.-At night a scout must depend largely upon his hearing to obtain information of the enemy. He must stop frequently and listen. The ability to listen for long periods in perfect silence must be cultivated by constant practice, for this is as important in night work as seeing is in day work.

(1) Methods. The trained scout who has a compass takes the azimuth to sounds he hears in the enemy line at night and estimates the distance to them. Without a compass he estimates both direction and distance.

SCOUT LIES OUTSIDE OF GAD.IN
ENEMYS-WIRE AND SIGHTS WITH
COMPASS ON PROMINENT-POINT
ON SKYLINE BEHIND HIS OWN
LINES HE THEN ROTATES THE
LUMINUS INDEX TO ADOINT-OVER
NORTH-END OF NEEDLE. AND..
THUS RECORDS AZIMUTH.

4

11.4

GAD-TH THE
ENEMYS WIDE

Plate 26.-Method of locating a gap in the enemy wire at night.

(2) Instruction.—The instructor places his unit in position, listening. Certain sounds, like digging, cutting wire, whispering, and coughing, are made at prearranged times. Each man is then required to estimate direction and distance and tell the character of the sound. This practice should be repeated in different kinds of weather.

c. Seeing at night. The distance that an object can be seen at night is limited. By getting the eye close to the ground so that the object appears against the sky, vision is made more clear. Low-powered field glasses also increase the range. When a flare goes up, the best time to observe is while the light is still in the air and just before it has passed over the hostile front line. The scout should avoid looking at the light itself. An exercise in observation similar to the one prescribed for the daytime (see par. 8) is conducted at night with distance greatly reduced. It should be repeated on nights of different degrees of darkness. Constant practice is required to accustom the eye to night work.

15. Selection of routes.-a. Principles.-Before starting on a night mission the scout should study the ground in detail from an observation post, from airplane photographs and from a map, and make certain of compass direction, prominent points, and (in a stabilized situation) of the location of gaps in his own wire.

b. Application.-(1) The route of advance should be on dead ground and always off the skyline.

(2) Darkness gives concealment. Unless the moon is bright, the scout should not pass through woods, ditches, ravines, and brush at night, for the noise made in moving through them will lead to discovery.

(3) The scout working at night should always return by a route different from his advance, for in the darkness the enemy may easily approach the scout's own lines and await in ambush for his return.

c. Instruction.-The instructor should give many indoor exercises with map and airplane photograph in the selection of appropriate routes and in preparing the necessary notes before the start. The instructor should require actual practice in following at night two or more of the routes thus selected.

16. General functions.-When thoroughly trained in individual conduct, the scout must next be instructed in the use of that training. All individual instruction as to cover, movement, and observation must be fitted into the tactical teamwork of the unit so that scouts will work together in the best interest of the platoon. Instruction proceeds with men working in pairs. The same two men should always work together and develop confidence in each other. They must become "buddies." They should be members of the same squad, preferably numbers one, front and rear rank.