and different degrees of training that may be encountered. The standard should be such that successful firing of the exercise, while possible, is at the same time difficult enough to bring out the best in the man firing.

(1) Each target frame has pasted on it a C target with blank surface exposed. On this surface are drawn three heavy, horizontal lines extending clear across the target. The lowest of these lines is so drawn that it will be even with the top of the parapet when the target is fully raised. The second line is 2 feet above the first, and the third line is 1 foot above the second.

(2) The zones or spaces between the horizontal lines are the scoring spaces. A hit in the 2-foot space counts 4 and a hit in the 1-foot space counts 2. Hits outside the scoring spaces are disregarded. A score of 8 or more on a single target will give fire superiority on that particular target.

(3) For scoring, the target, consisting of 12 individual targets, is divided into four groups of three targets each. Fire superiority on two or more targets of any group gives fire superiority on that group. When fire superiority is gained on all groups but one, the flag is set to indicate partial fire superiority. When fire superiority is gained on all groups, the flag is set to indicate full fire superiority.

(4) The final score or rating of the section is determined solely by the number of yards it is able to advance with the given amount of ammunition. Of two sections making the same advance that section which makes the advance in the least time wins. No penalties are imposed for the reappearance of the fire superiority flag.

(5) Records. Each scorer plots all hits in the scoring space of his target on a form which consists of a series of diagrams each representing the target in miniature. These hits are plotted minute by minute and there must be at least as many scoring diagrams as there are minutes of firing. The officer at the control station keeps a record showing on which targets the section has fire superiority for each minute and also the position of the flag for each minute. From the above records it will be possible to prepare a consolidated record of the exercise which will show in a very interesting manner the volume, accuracy, and distribution of the fire for each minute of the exercise.

m. Safety precautions. As both the camouflage and the framing that holds up the screen may deflect bullets into the pit, the following precautions will be taken: Overhead cover extending close to the moving targets will be used. The distance of the screen or any camouflage material from the moving targets must be so great that it will be impossible for any deflected bullets to hit on the moving target frame as low down as any iron portion of that frame. Tracer bullets will not be used.

n. General comments.-(1) This exercise involves much labor, equipment, personnel, and ammunition, but it has certain definite advantages over the simpler types.

(2) In the simpler types of exercises it is difficult to determine whether the exercise is being well or poorly executed until it is all over and the targets are examined. Even then the targets do not tell the whole story, for the distribution, minute by minute, may have been very poor even though, at the end, each target has the same number of hits.

(3) In this exercise, mistakes and shortcomings in musketry are brought home immediately to all concerned through the agency of the fire superiority flag. Furthermore the record of hits, minute by minute, gives an accurate check on the distribution at all times during the exercise. Due to the completeness of arrangements for scoring and records, this exercise is well fitted for purposes of test and competition. 55. Exercise No. 19.

Purpose: Practice in musketry for the rifle squad or the rifle section.

Method: a. This exercise is fired on a musketry range or class B range equipped with 4 to 8 pits. From each pit a target consisting of silhouettes mounted on a beam can be raised or lowered at will.

b. The relation of the initial point, direction of advance, and placing of targets is such that the unit, in advancing from 200 to 400 yards, will have opportunity to engage all of the targets at ranges varying from 600 to 200 yards firing in directions that will be safe for the personnel in the pits and for any persons in the surrounding country.

c. The squad or section is confined to a definite zone of advance by means of stakes, flags, or other markers. All pits are connected by telephone with the post of the instructor at the initial point.

d. The unit to fire the exercise is deployed at the initial point and ball ammunition is issued for each rifleman, 60 rounds, and for each automatic rifleman, 200 rounds. Tracer ammunition is not used.

e. The unit leader is directed to advance his unit along the indicated zone engaging any targets that appear. He is told in which direction firing is safe and in which unsafe. The appearance of the targets is controlled by the instructor by means of the telephone. He causes them to appear successively at appropriate times during the advance of the unit. Whenever a target appears, the enemy fire from its position is simulated by noise or the waving of flags. Otherwise the general location of the targets may be pointed out to a scout or leader by an instructor.

f. The targets are located just beyond or behind the pits, so that they are easily seen by the operators in the pits. A target once raised remains up until each figure is hit, when it is lowered and kept down during the rest of the exercise.

g. In general, the unit may advance by rushes or fractions when only one target is exposed and is being covered by fire. When two targets are exposed, one of them must be put out of action before any advance is permitted. An instructor with the unit controls the advance. Casualties may be assigned during the exercise.

h. The exercise ends when ammunition is exhausted or a previously designated point is reached. A short critique is given by the instructor.

i. Scoring. The winning unit is that which puts out of action the greatest number of targets with the ammunition allowed. In case the number is the same the unit completing the exercise in the shortest time wins.

j. For safety the pits must be provided with overhead cover. An instructor is assigned to accompany each squad engaged in the exercise.

56. General notes.-a. Practical musketry instruction, like marksmanship, requires ranges, equipment, and supplies that must be prepared or obtained in advance. Instructors must know thoroughly the details of instruction as well as the priciples of musketry.

b. The time required for this preparation will depend largely on conditions and facilities at the post or camp where the instruction is to be given. Unless sufficient time is allowed the instruction will suffer.

c. The musketry training of regularly organized troops will generally be conducted by the company officers and supervised by higher commanders. In other cases such as training camps it will often be necessary or desirable to select specially qualified officers to conduct or supervise the training in musketry. The essential qualifications for this duty are knowledge of rifle marksmanship, knowledge of musketry, and the ability to instruct.

d. These regulations are based upon and contain references to other Training Regulations as follows: TR 150-5, 150-30, 200-5, 420-40, and 420-85.

It is therefore highly desirable that instruction in the above subjects be given previous to instruction in musketry.

e. Musketry ranges.—(1) A musketry range is a section of a class B range which is specially selected, prepared, and equipped for the firing of musketry exercises. (2) The size of the range and the amount of construction necessary will depend upon the number of men who are to use it at any one time.

(3) A satisfactory musketry range can not be hurriedly improvised just prior to practical instruction in musketry or during the period of musketry training. To secure good results the construction of musketry ranges must receive the same consideration and the same timely and continued effort that is generally given to the construction and maintenance of class A ranges.

(4) Musketry ranges will be located, planned, and their construction supervised or approved by an officer who has made a careful study of these regulations and who, preferably, has had practical experience in range construction. Only in this way will the suitability of the range for musketry instruction be assured. The labor of prisoners or regular fatigue details can be used to advantage during favorable seasons for the construction and upkeep of musketry ranges.

57. Preparation by instructors.-a. The conditions under which musketry instruction is given will vary greatly. On some occasions there will be plenty of time and facilities of all kinds. Usually both time and facilities will be limited. The first duty of the instructor is to map out a definite course of instruction,.making it as complete and effective as conditions will permit. Knowing the number of troops or students, he is then able to make out a list of equipment and supplies needed and to make definite plans for work on the range. The instructor assures himself that his assistants are familiar with musketry and the subjects upon which it depends. He makes known to them his course of instruction.

b. Below is given a model schedule covering 14 periods of about 3 hours each. Gaps of more than 2 days in the schedule are to be avoided.

1st period:

Model Schedule

Introductory talk on musketry.

Range estimation (to include Exercise No. 1).

2d period:

Range estimation (Exercises Nos. 2 and 3).

3d period:

Target designation (to include Exercises Nos. 4 and 5).

4th period:

Target designation (Exercises Nos. 6 and 7).

Review range estimation (Exercise No. 3).

5th period:

Rifle fire and its effect (to include Exercise No. 10).
Review target designation (Exercise No. 7).

6th period:

Rifle fire and its effect (to include Exercise No. 12).
Review range estimation (Exercise No. 3).

7th period:

Fire discipline (review of exercises most needed).

8th period:

Fire control (to include Exercise No. 14).

9th period:

Fire control (Exercise No. 15).

10th period:

Fire control (Exercise No. 16).

11th to 14th periods:

Tests and competitions (Exercises No. 17 to No. 19).

c. A squad or section trained in advance for demonstration purposes will expedite instruction.

d. It is recommended that instructors include the following pamphlets in their studies preparatory to teaching musketry: TR 230-5, 420-105, and 420-110.

58. Rifles.—a. In general, men use in musketry firing the same rifles that they have used in target practice. In most cases the zeroes of these rifles for ranges up to 600 yards are known and recorded. These records will be kept by the individual concerned, by his squad leader, and by his platoon commander or instructor. Only in this way can sight settings be properly checked at exercises.

b. In cases where the zero of a rifle is unknown it must be determined by test firing, both slow and rapid fire on the A range. This is done prior to firing Exercise No. 4.

c. If several months have elapsed since target practice for the organization has been completed a brief review of the principles of rifle marksmanship, with a day's firing on the A range, is necessary before firing in musketry exercises is begun.

d. Rifles and automatic rifles must be thoroughly cleaned and inspected both before and daily during the period of practical musketry instruction in order that they may function smoothly and properly. The company mechanic, with the necessary tools and spare parts, can do much to save considerable time for instruction.

59. Landscape targets. a. Description.-In its simplest form a landscape target is a picture of a landscape, the picture being of such size that all or most all of the features of the landscape can be seen by the firers at a distance of 1,000 inches. (See Pl. 22.)

Targets on the pictured landscape may be designed as they are on actual terrain and may be fired upon by a squad using point-blank range. The objection to this simple use of landscape targets is that while pictures in colors are best for target designation and aiming targets, they are too expensive to use as recording targets, which are damaged or destroyed by the firing. For this reason the Ordnance Department issues two types of targets, the colored aiming targets and duplicate recording targets in black and white.

b. Both recording and aiming targets are pasted on frames covered with target cloth and measuring 59 inches by 24 inches. These panels are installed in a target frame, each recording panel being placed directly above the corresponding colored panel. The frame may be made to accommodate from two to five colored panels.

c. For satisfactory results it is essential that the recording targets be so placed that every point on the recording target is exactly the same distance above the corresponding point in the colored target and on a vertical line with it. (See Pl. 23.)

d. Rifles are aimed at the colored target with a sight setting which will give hits at the corresponding points in the recording target. The sight setting used will usually be about 1,300 yards, but must be determined by trial shots with each rifle. For this purpose the use of a line of black aiming pasters near the top of the colored panel and a corresponding line of pasters on the recording panel will expedite and simplify the problem of sight settings for a squad about to use the target. Each firer is assigned a paster on the colored target, which paster he uses as a point of aim, changing his sight as may be necessary to make hits on or very close to the corresponding paster, on the recording panel.

e. Small recording sheets with the target in faint outline may be placed over the target on the recording panel when it is desired to have a record or pattern of the firing, which may be removed after the exercise. These records may be posted on bulletin boards or used for purposes of comparison.

f. Firing points are constructed at a distance of 1,000 inches from the target frames. The firing point should be