number of castes of individuals, each caste monopolizing a special pursuit. Banish a number of the humbler castesthe bakers, the bricklayers and the smiths-and the nation would soon come to grief." By this analogy it appears to be certain that the white man's deliberate opposition to the black man's fullest development in America is really opposition to his own substantial enrichment and support.

WHAT OF THE FUTURE?

The future for the Negro, as well as for the white man in this country, is shrouded in uncertainty. If the dark man's ideals continue to be what they have been in the past, and what they are now, his race, as far as human calculation can venture, promises unlimited and widely varied advancement. But on every hand this progress is balked and embarrassed by the white man's unconscionable denial to the Negro of Christian and Democratic treatment. The issue which this denial has already sharpened, and the increased race friction which is sure to follow the progress of education among colored people forbode nothing good. Looking back over the disasters of civilizations long since perished the enlightened Negro discerns in the nation-wide triumph of prejudice over principle all the seeds of that racial and national dissolution which has made of the world thus far a stage for unending tragedies. Only righteousness exalteth a nation; only the truth can make men free; social equilibrium is impossible where the brotherhood of man is repudiated; and morality never long survives the rejection of God. The Negro believes in Christianity and Democracy. He has measurably shaped his conscious ideals according to those supreme standards. Nothing seems now more certain than that the highest development of the Negro and the peace and security of American institutions must rest upon the degree in which the white race in America can in practice, as well as in theory, adopt the same criteria.

NOTES AND REVIEWS

American Influence upon the Agriculture of Hokkaido, Japan. Published by the College, Tohoku Imperial University, Sapporo, Japan. 1915. Pp. 21.

An interesting pamphlet is this, dealing with the agricultural development of Hokkaido, the northern part of the Japanese empire, and the debt which it owes to American aid and enterprise. In 1869 a colonial government was established in Hokkaido, with Governor Kuroda as its chief figure. He, in 1870, "made a journey of inspection through the United States, and was favorably impressed by the general condition of that country. As a result he returned to Japan in the following June with General Horace Capron and three other Americans as his advisers. He also brought back many American machines, farm stocks and varieties of seeds. During the following ten years, General Kuroda invited seventy-five persons, in all, from abroad. Among them there were 5 Russians, 4 Englishmen, 3 Dutchmen, 1 Frenchman, and 45 Americans. They were engineers, surveyors, geologists, professors, farm experts, gardeners, etc., but the Americans did most for the development of Hokkaido."

Most of the pamphlet is devoted to a description of the importation from America of implements and machines, varieties of fruit, vegetables, flowers and trees, and of breeds of animals. These importations are not exclusively from America, but very largely so, due to the fact that the Sapporo Agricultural College was established on American advice and placed in charge of Americans. In regard to agricultural implements and machines, not only has the importation from America been large but it has furnished a stimulus for the manufacture of similar articles in Japan.

The record of achievement is one of which both America and Japan can well be proud.

The Harvard Medical School of China, Incorporated. Fourth Annual Report of the Executive Committee. Boston. 1914. Pp. 52.

The Harvard Medical School of China at Shanghai was incorporated in 1911, put into operation in January, 1912, and is now ready to graduate its second class. Owing to the lack of funds for a separate establishment, it has during its period of operation been associated with the Red Cross Society of Shanghai, making use of the buildings of that society, an association which has proved of mutual advantage. The staff of the school comprises six doctors and surgeons, beside nurses, business manager, etc. The number of students is not large, owing to the high standard set for admission-a standard which admitted only six out of twenty applicants for admission last fall but which has thereby secured a select student body.

The relation which the school bears to the community was illustrated by the part it took in the care of those wounded in the fighting which took place during July and August, 1913, in and near Shanghai. Another more important service which such an institution owes to the community, is that of research along lines which particularly affect that community; but unfortunately, the staff is small and the work heavy so that such work can be carried on only "sporadically."

Russia, the Country of Extremes. By MADAME N. JARINTZOFF. New York: Henry Holt. 1914. Pp. xv, 372.

One of the most interesting descriptions of Russia that has come recently from the press, is that by Madame Jarintzoff. Written from the revolutionists' point of view, it deals mainly with political events. The first chapter contains a graphic description of the Smolenski School, the work of the Intelligentzia in "spreading culture through the sombre masses of the working and non-working population of the large towns," and the House of Englightenment, the Russian "People's Palace." It also contains an analysis of the Russian character, which seems to be so difficult for the Western Europeans to understand.

Another interesting chapter is the one entitled Students' Movements and Political Life, describing the events that have taken place among the Studentchestvo during the last forty years, beginning with the decree of 1873 forbidding Russian youths to study abroad, a period in which the struggle for academic auton

omy, as a natural consequence, assisted by the oppressive action of the government, was converted into a political revolutionary struggle. A vivid description, quoted from one of the students, is given of the demonstration in 1901 of Moscow University against the famous Temporary Rules which forced the students into the army. At the present time, according to Madame Jarintzoff's account, the old established universities have come so entirely under governmental control that the best teachers have left and the student body has been entirely changed. That group which furnished the idealists and revolutionists of the former period have gone into private schools and "the dandies, sportsmen, and 'academists' seem to be left alone in the universities proper."

Other chapters deal with the Russian clergy, the monastic prisons, the Cossacks, and the agents provocateurs. Madame Jarintzoff tells again the legend of the latter days of Alexander I and describes the assasination of Alexander II.

Friendly Russia. By DENIS GARSTIN. London: T. Fisher Unwin. 1915. Pp. 248.

Mr. Garstin's book is a charming portrayal of the friendly side of Russian life which has nothing to do with that "wilderness of wolves, knouts, serfdom, and cruelty" which the name Russia is rather too apt to suggest to our minds. The land of the revolutionists seems far away from this "pleasant easy life among pleasant easy people," whose favorite expression is "Nitchevo,' "never mind."

At the present time, the last chapters are of especial interest, conveying the author's impressions of Russia in war time. The declaration of war awakened an enthusiasm and a feeling of unity such as Russia has not known of late years. To the peasants the war is a Holy War and one which has awakened all their Pan-Slavic hopes and aspirations. An interesting picture is that of the attack on the German embassy in Petrograd and another is the impression of efficiency conveyed to this onlooker by the Russian mobilization, an efficiency unexpected by those who knew Russia in the days of the Russo-Japanese War.

The Myths and Legends of the North American Indians. By LEWIS SPENCE. London: George G. Harrap and Company. 1914. Pp. xii, 393.

In this book are collected many of the myths of the North American Indians, which are told in very interesting fashion. The primary object, to quote from the introduction "is to furnish the reader with a general view of the mythologies of the Red Man of North America, accompanied by such historical and ethnological information as will assist him in gauging the real conditions under which this most interesting section of humanity existed."

The first two chapters are introductory. The first, dealing with the divisions, customs, and history of the race, gives a brief summary of the various theories of the origin of the North American Indians. The author accepts the current view of Asiatic origin. but rather doubts the presence of man in America in the preGlacial period. The second chapter, dealing with the mythologies of the North American Indians, discusses the three forms of their religion, animism, totemism and fetishism. It groups together the various creation stories of the different nations and their religious ceremonies. The rest of the book is devoted to the retelling of representative myths of the Algonquins, Iroquois, Sioux, Pawnees, and the Northern and North-western Indians.

The author points out the many resemblances in these myths to European and particularly Scandinavian folk tales, but holds that they have "an atmosphere of their own which strongly differentiates them from the folk-tales of all other races."

Intervention and Colonization in Africa. By NORMAN DWIGHT

HARRIS. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1914. Pp. xviii, 384. Two of the most important changes in European civilization have taken place within recent times, the rise of capitalized industry and the expansion of European society throughout the world. The last forty years has seen a powerful impulse given to the second movement which has now practically staked out the world among the great nations of Europe and the United States. It is to this expansion that Professor Harris has given his attention and in this volume has recorded the partition of Africa with particular emphasis upon the period beginning with the decade. 1870-1880 when colonial expansion entered upon its most recent