(b) Born of American parents in New York in 1871; lived in the United States 1871-1908; lived in England 1908-1916; lived in the United States 1916 to the present.

(c) Born in Ohio in 1894.

17. What question was settled by the Presidential Succession Law? 18. Name the Presidents who have served two terms. What objection to an eight-year single term for the President?

19. In brief form, list the powers of the President enumerated in the Constitution, Article II, Sections 2 and 3, pages 264-271.

20. Why do the President's powers increase during war?

21. How does growth of civil service reform make the President's work easier?

22. In which of these cases could the President issue a pardon?

(a) A highwayman arrested and imprisoned for robbing a pedestrian in Chicago.

(b) A postal clerk takes a valuable package from the mail and is convicted of the theft?

(c) A sailor on an American battle ship refuses to obey the commander of the ship and is imprisoned for the offense.

23. Make a clear distinction between ambassadors, ministers and consuls.

24. How are treaties made?

25. List six ways in which the President may influence law-making. 26. In "talking politics" voters who had not studied our government expressed the opinions which follow. Select passages from the Constitution which make impossible carrying out the plans suggested by their remarks. (Article II.)

(a) "I am going to vote for Senator Jones as presidential elector."

(b) "I am going to introduce a bill into the state legislature to have all our elections in the summer. It is too cold in November and it nearly always rains."

(c) "The President we elected last year is not doing anything. I hope Congress will reduce his salary if he vetoes any more bills."

(d) "Congress seems to be doing nothing but talk; I think the President should send them home."

27. Why is the cabinet called the "President's official family?" Describe a cabinet meeting. Who are members of the present cabinet? 28. Give reasons for your selection of the best of these answers to

the question, “Where does the United States get the money to pay its expenses?"

(a) It makes the money at the mint.

(b) It issues bonds.

(c) It makes money out of paper.

(d) It collects taxes.

Which of the duties of the Treasury Department have to do with raising money and which with regulating its value?

29. Examine a silver coin of the United States. Why does it have milled edges? Explain the number of stars and the engraved figures. If E PLURIBUS UNUM is on this piece of money, what does it mean?

30. What is the difference between an "opinion" of the attorneygeneral, and a decision of a court?

31. Of what value to your community is the Weather Bureau? 32. To what bureau or department would you write in the following cases?

(a) You need a passport.

(b) You wish information about child labor laws.

(c) You want a weather map for your school.

(d) A neighbor wishes you to find out about business op

portunities in Argentine.

(e) You have moved to a strange community and wish to know what varieties of strawberries will be best for your garden.

(f) You wish information as to getting rid of an insect which is eating the leaves from your shade trees in your yard. 33. Make a comparison of your own state executive department with that of the United States.

34. In what important way is the power of the Governor in a state government constitutionally less than that of the President in national government?

35. What commissions or boards are part of your state government? What duty does each perform?

In making decisions judges use words according to their exact meaning. Find what the words in this list mean.

Playground Law. "It isn't fair," said Harry as a player passed a base without touching it. "There's nothing fair about it and I am going to quit." In another game a player did the same thing; the two sides began to argue but the umpire stopped all argument by deciding that the player

was out.

In the first case there seemed to be a rule but no one to interpret or decide whether it was being kept. Each player could decide for himself and the game came to a sudden end. In the second it had been agreed that all would heed the decision of one who knew the rules and watched every play to see that all "played fair."

Interpreting Community Rules. Now living and co-operating in any community are in many ways like playing a game,

though of course, no one can "get mad and quit" as he may on the playground if he is selfish or is not what is commonly known as a "good sport"; if he leaves one community, he is pretty sure to find that others have much the same rules. The more important rules are called "laws"; the officers who most nearly act the part of the umpire are called judges. Judges, like the umpire, do not make laws but they interpret and apply them.

Wherever men have lived and worked together, they have made laws to guide them. There have always been a few of the strong who tried to impose upon the weak, or of the intelligent who were dishonest enough to take advantage of the stupid and the ignorant.

Might Is Not Right in Interpreting Rules. No one ever heard of a tribe so uncivilized that it had no rules or customs which were enforced like laws. Sometimes no better way to decide disputed cases than by fighting could be found. In a civilized community, it is very unusual for individuals to decide who is right by "fighting it out," though nations confess by going to war that they have not learned to abide by laws nor to submit their differences to judges. "Might does not make right,” and war is no more sure to result in justice than is a fight between individuals.

Laws Define Rights and Duties. As people became more civilized, able to co-operate in a greater number of undertakings for the common welfare, the most important rules were taught to all so that each should know his rights and his duties. Some people talk a great deal about their "natural rights" as if their community owed them something. This is not true, for "natural duties" are always to be looked for when rights are defined. Laws are simply statements of rights and

duties which a community or group agrees that its members may or must have.

Why Judges Are Needed. No laws can make everyone's duty plain to him at all times. The greatest code of laws ever made, the Ten Commandments, says "Thou shalt not steal,” but in addition to what all recognize as stealing, one may steal another's pleasure or comfort by filling the air with smoke or by incessant playing of a tune which only the player enjoys. Even when all mean to do right, judges are needed to tell what laws mean as well as to decide what shall be done when they have been disobeyed.

Chiefs, strong men and kings used to act as judges, partly because they were best able to compel obedience after their decision had been made. Force and superstition often entered into their judgments in a way which seems to us very crude. It is said that an Indian chief, uncertain as to a just opinion, would throw the accused into the river; if he swam out he was declared innocent; if he drowned, guilty. Disputes were settled by games of chance and by what was known as an ordeal in which guilt or innocence of the accused was determined by his ability to endure some hardship like walking through the fire without being harmed.

Written Laws and Courts. Long before our government was established under the Constitution, all civilized countries had rights and duties defined by clearly written laws; all had courts with judges who had an expert knowledge of the law and everywhere were lawyers, ready to defend the accused by explaining the law as it applied under the circumstances which the evidence established or to prosecute wrong-doers. Englishmen had developed legal institutions and customs unlike those of any other country; to England we owe three of the most