5. The tow boat Natchez hauled 12,000 tons of freight from St. Louis to New Orleans on one trip. If the average load of freight cars is twenty-five tons, how many trains of fifty cars each would be required to haul the same freight? The Natchez hauls 6,000 tons up the river on one trip. How many freight trains would be required to haul the same freight from New Orleans to St. Louis?

6. What is meant by saying that good roads and use of the automobile increase the size of the farmer's neighborhood?

7. Explain the statement that railroads, telephones and telegraphs bring the average citizen nearer to the state capital than he was to his county seat before these means of travel and communication came into

use.

8. List five railroad problems which are difficult of solution.

9. In most European countries railroad rates and accommodations are of several classes. For example, a first class ticket may cost three or four times as much as a third class. In this way each pays for the kind of accommodation he uses. What are the advantages of such a plan?

You must understand these words as you read this chapter. Look up each.

Working Together. The work of our government is accomplished through co-operation-working together. Each for all and all for each is what renders great achievement possible in all things. The lone cave man could have only a crude shelter; it requires co-operation to build a modern house. Because savage tribes are not able to unite large groups in common efforts, their members must take things for the most part as they find them; civilized man through co-operation makes his environment according to his ambitions, soon overcoming obstacles which block the progress of primitive peoples. Leaders and Followers. Co-operation requires wise leadership and loyal followers. This is another way of saying that civilization depends upon specialization. Most of us may reasonably think of ourselves as specialists in one occupation though we may know very little about others. The skillful carpenter is his own leader in work which requires no one else to direct him; the same workman may be a follower when he makes a railroad journey. His leaders may then be the conductor or the man who answers questions at the information office.

Progress is made because of wise or inventive leaders but no less on account of followers wise enough to select the right

leaders to imitate. The fact that a strong or brilliant person finds an improved way of doing something useful has little value unless his fellows wisely choose his leadership; the strongest or wisest accomplish little alone. As an example of co-operation in relation to progress the art of writing is very interesting. Picture-writing came first; then someone found that a much simpler mark than any picture could stand for an idea just as well. Then marks which we call letters were used to indicate sounds and almost all the world followed this improvement; and it seems to be only a question of time until the same letters will be used everywhere. Only the cooperation of leader and follower brings about progress.

Co-operation requires obedience to those who have the right to lead. In a mountain climbing excursion only a very foolish person would refuse to follow the guide. We elect officers and give them the right to command or direct us; the good citizen recognizes their leadership. Co-operation often requires us to do as others of the group are doing even though no one commands. If it is the custom to stand while singing or to remove the hat while the flag is passing, only rudeness or ignorance causes one of a group not to "conform" or do as his fellows. This is very different from saying that all should follow in doing a wrong action. The good citizen is willing to co-operate.

Strangers to Each Other May Be Working Together. Co-operation includes groups who may not know other groups with whom they are working. The farmer grows grain, the railroads carry it to a city mill; the miller makes it into food products which may be further changed by the baker; in its refined form the grain is good for the factory worker who makes farm machinery, which is in turn carried by the railroads to the farmer who produces the grain. The news

paper you read depends for its news items upon reporters who never see their readers, who may not even see the editors, compositors and typesetters who assemble the paper. If you should write the names or occupations of all the unseen and unknown persons who made your breakfast or lunch possible, the list would be very long. Truly no one lives unto himself and our government guides and protects us all.

Co-operation in Business. People have worked together in a general way by means of trade and commerce since the days of the cave men; with all well developed civilizations men have organized in special groups for the purpose of co-operating in business. The greater part of our trade and commerce, as well as our great industrial plants are conducted by these organized groups; some of them are composed of a few men, partners in the business-each owning a fractional share, but each of whom is responsible for the debts of the firm; others may be composed of any number of persons; each puts into the business a definite sum of money and is not responsible for the debts of the group beyond a certain amount. This type of an organized business group is called a corporation and people who put money into the business are known as stockholders. Usually the stockholder is not responsible for the debts of the corporation beyond the amount of the stock which he holds. Manufacturing, transportation, commerce, mining, insurance, in fact practically all business which requires a large investment of capital is carried on by corporations. Many of these business corporations have thousands of stockholders; their stock may be transferred from one person to another and can be bought on the stock market. Anyone who has money enough to buy one share may become a stockholder. Corporations may issue bonds-that is give interest bearing notes of the corporation, and sell them to anyone who wants to buy. The

persons who buy these bonds are known as bondholders of the corporation; the bonds of a large corporation may be held by many thousand different persons. The stockholders and bondholders of a corporation each has a personal interest in the success of the business.

Co-operation for Play and Work. A baseball, basketball or football team is a voluntary organization for co-operation in play and recreation. Any member of a football team understands the advantage of working together to win the game. The advantage of co-operation in work is fully as great.

There is frequently much work in a community or among a group of people in the same work which concerns everyone in the community or group but for whịch no one in particular is responsible. Such work is done by a voluntary organization of people in the community or group. The Red Cross, Bankers Associations, Medical Associations, Farmers' Organizations-like the Farm Bureau and the Grange, health and welfare associations such as the Anti-Tuberculosis Society are examples of co-operation in groups.

These organizations represent a wide variety of activity ranging from the purely philanthropic, like the Red Cross, to those whose avowed purpose is the welfare and protection of the members of a certain group-such as Labor Unions. Many of them are working for both the welfare of society as a whole and the advancement of their own group. For example, the Medical Associations have stimulated research work and spread medical knowledge which has made possible the control of disease and an increase in the average length of human life. This, of course, is of great value to all people; at the same time medical associations have done much for the betterment of the medical profession. Many of these