of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointment until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

ART. XVIII. Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

ART. XIX. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction.-Authority over naval and marine cases, that is, cases which arise on the high seas. Administrative.-Executive. Administrative departments are those which carry on the actual work of the government.

Agitator.-One who excites, stirs up, discusses and urges changes in government.

Aliens.-Residents of a country who have not become citizens; foreigners not yet naturalized.

Allegiance. The tie of obligation or devotion to one's government. Citizenship by birth carries the obligation without the formality of an oath, but all foreigners are required to express this obligation by taking an oath of allegiance before becoming a citizen. Alternate.-A substitute who serves in case the regular delegate cannot be present.

Anarchist.-One who believes that laws are unnecessary.

Some an

archists believe that people would all be good if there were no laws to break.

Appeal.-Carrying a case from one court to a higher court because

of dissatisfaction with the decision in the lower court. Articles of Confederation.-The document drawn up and adopted by the second Continental Congress and later ratified by the legislatures of the thirteen colonies, 1781, which created a weak central government of the United States of America. These articles were superseded after eight years by our present Constitution. Assessed.-Levied or counted upon. Taxes are levied upon property

at its assessed valuation. Property which has been rated or counted at two thousand dollars must pay twice as much tax as property counted at one thousand dollars. Australian Ballot.—A ballot provided by the authorities according to

law. Secrecy is assured to the voter. This reduces intimidation and bribery since no one can be sure he has influenced the voter. Authority.-Rightful or legal power; the right to command and to demand obedience. A parent has authority over his own child. The United States government has authority over its citizens.

Best Sellers.-The books that have the greatest sale within a certain given time.

Bill of Rights.-(1) A "charter of English liberty" which William the Third agreed to when he became King in 1689.

(2) A summary of the rights and privileges guaranteed to the people of the Constitution. Such a summary is usually an integral part of the state Constitution. In the United States Constitution it is found in the first ten amendments and in a few sections of Article 1.

Blood-Tie.-Family relationships. In early tribes every member was considered a blood relative.

Boards and Commissions.-Groups of persons appointed or elected to deal with specific problems or activities of government. (See Commissions.)

Breach of the Peace.-Any crime less than a felony which disturbs public order. A street fight is a breach of the peace. Budget.-Estimated receipts and expenditures made before money has been received or spent. Public money can be spent most wisely and economically only under a budget plan.

Bureau. Originally meant a desk or writing table with drawers-also an office where writing is done. As used in our government it means a department of public business requiring a force of clerks. The executive departments represented in the President's cabinet are each subdivided into bureaus.

By-Products. Something which may be made in the course of manufacturing in addition to the principal output. In a smelter, the soot which must be scraped from the smoke stack may contain a mineral by-product of great value. The hair used in plastering is a by-product of meat packing works.

Central Government.-The Constitution of the United States recognizes two governments. The government of the United States and state governments. The government of the United States is sometimes called the Central government.

Charter. A document which gives certain rights and privileges to a people, city or colony. Some of the American colonies were given charters by the King. King John was compelled to give his barons a charter which guaranteed the people certain rights. (See Magna Charta.)

City Hall Ring.-A name applied to a group of city officers who are supposed to control city affairs in their own interests. Such rings may be accused of dishonesty, inefficiency, neglect of duty or merely of finding jobs for their friends.

City Manager.-An officer entrusted with city business. Instead of having city affairs administered by successful political candidates, the city manager plan would place all control in the hands of an expert selected because of his business ability.

Civil Case.-A trial resulting from a dispute as to property rights. The decision does not involve "guilt" or "innocence" but obligation. Decision is for or against the plantiff or the defendant. Civil Service.-(1) In a general sense, any service other than military or naval service rendered to and paid for by the government. (2) In a special sense, the system of selecting government employees and appointive officials upon a basis of qualification for the position to be filled instead of regard for political service. Civil Service Commission.-A commission of three, not all of the same party, appointed by the President to aid him in making regulations for the Civil Service and to conduct competitive examinations and recommend candidates.

Clannishness.—The tendency of relatives to stick together in business or social life. Sometimes groups of foreigners settle together, trade at the same store, attend the same church, visit only among themselves, and have little to do with people not of their race or nation. Such groups are called "clannish."

Class Distinction.-Difference in the esteem in which one is held because of birth, wealth or occupation. Formerly, lords, dukes, and barons were a distinct class in most European countries. 'Rich and poor sometimes associate together as classes. People doing certain kinds of work may be looked down upon. The American ideal is to respect each one for what he is—regardless of his ancestry, his money or his trade. As some one has said, "Every tub must stand on its own bottom."

Clearing House. The establishment where accounts between banks are settled by the exchange of checks, bills and other forms of credit.

Code. A body of laws, compiled and arranged to form a system of laws.

Commissions.-Groups of experts organized to study or control specific activities of government. The Civil Service Commission has charge of Civil Service examinations. Some commissions are composed of paid officers; others are made up of voluntary workmen. There were many of these voluntary commissions during the Great War.

Commission Government.-Usually a city government carried on by a small board of commissioners, elected or appointed, who employ all necessary city officers. Commonwealth.-A people united under free and popular form of government. The word commonwealth is used synonymously with the word state, as the states or commonwealths of the American Union.

Common Law. The body of decisions and precedents handed down from the courts. Common law is used in arriving at a decision when no statutory law covers the case.

Compensation.-Something given in return for service or goods. Officers are paid salaries as compensation for the service they render.

Competing Lines.-Railways, steamship lines, or other means of transportation or communication, which without agreement among themselves as to charges, are rendering the same services to the same community.

Competitor. One who contends or strives for the same thing-gen erally used in referring to those in the same business striving to secure customers.

Compulsory Attendance.-In most states laws require parents to send their children to school until they reach a certain age or grade. Such attendance at school is called compulsory attend

ance.

Compulsory Education.-Educational opportunity which people may be forced by law to provide for their children.

Congressman. A member of Congress. The name is usually applied only to members of the House of Representatives of the United States.

Conservation. To keep from loss, to protect, applied to national government protection of our natural resources.

Constitution.-The foundation or fundamental laws of a government. The United States and each of the states has a constitution in the form of a document providing for the different branches of government and their operation.

Constitutional Convention.-An assembly composed of delegates elected for the purpose of writing or revising a constitution. The most important one in our history met in 1787 and drafted the original Constitution of the United States.

Constitutional Officer.-One whose position is created and whose powers are defined in a constitution. A state legislature may