to-day to fail to distinguish between the protective and the paternal element in public policy is, to say the least, to be wofully belated. If this were true then, all legislation, such as factory acts, sanitary laws, etc., would be paternalism. In that case, we would be forced to conclude that paternalism was a very good thing, for experience has conclusively demonstrated that this class of protective legislation which throws the protecting arm of the law around the opportunities for health and personal freedom, conditions of labor, etc., is of the very essence of civilization.

These are not paternalistic at all, they are protec tive. The difference between the two terms, and it is a radical one, is that the one protects the opportunities of the individual to have certain conditions and do certain things, while paternalism is the effort of government to do things for him. One is doing for the individual, and the other is to protect the opportunity for the individual to do for himself.

Tariff protection is the protection of the opportunities of home industries, in the same way that the enforcement of sanitation in the work shops and the laborer's home is a protection of the opportunity for health, and that protection is needed, because under the circumstances they are not able to furnish it themselves. It is one of the inseparable functions of the state; it is in the nature of organized society that the state should perform these functions. It always has done so, and in the nature of things it always must.

THE STORY OF THE MORMONS; FROM THE DATE OF THEIR ORIGIN TO THE YEAR 1901. By William Alexander Linn. Cloth, 637 pages. The Macmillan Company, New York and London.

The author of this book assures us that it is a record of facts, and that it rests largely on Mormon sources of

information. It is a narrative of mingled superstition, fraud and crime, with scarcely a recognition of a redeeming trait on the part of the peculiar people whose story is told.

Starting with the first inception of the Mormon movement by Joseph Smith, near Palmyra, New York, the bloody trail of the "saints" is followed to Kirtland, Ohio; to Jackson county, Missouri; to Nauvoo, Illinois, and across the plains and mountains to the Salt Lake valley in Utah, where the flower and fruitage of Mormonism are to be found to-day.

The Mormon bible is pronounced a fraud from the time of its reputed discovery on the metal plates to its printing, and Sidney Rigdon, a disciple or Campbellite preacher, who turned Mormon, is charged with its authorship.

Joseph Smith, the first prophet of this church, is pictured as a combination of ignorance, duplicity and superstition. He saw visions by using a "peek" stone; was a digger for hidden treasure, and a locater of wells by means of a forked stick held in his hand over the supposed vein of water.

The Mormons began to flock together at Kirtland, Ohio, about 1830, and remained seven or eight years, being driven from the place because of their alleged badness and consequent unpopularity with their neighbors, so this story tells us. They fled to Jackson county, Missouri, where an aggravated experience of the same sort awaited them. They were ordered to go by a mob of citizens, and a good deal of bloodshed was indulged in before they went. The citizens issued a manifesto, in a general way charging the Mormons with all sorts of crimes, the most specific being "tampering with our slaves," and that meant making them dissatisfied with their servitude.

The Mormons then emigrated to Nauvoo, Illinois,

and made elaborate preparations to stay. It is claimed that from 1840 to 1846 nearly 4,000 Mormon converts came from Europe to the Nauvoo settlement.

Soon, however, an armed hostility existed between the Mormons and the world's people. Battles, more or less bloody, were fought, and finally Joseph Smith and several of his followers were arrested and lodged in jail. While in the possession of the authorities, Joseph and his brother Hyram were murdered.

Then it was decided to move to the far West, and Brigham Young assumed the leadership of the Mormon. host. The route of the exodus was marked by the direst sufferings.

All of the horrible details of public massacres and secret assassinations which it is claimed characterized the Mormon rule in Utah before the admission of the territory as a state are given in this book, including the somewhat prolonged conflict with the United States authorities.

If there are or were any good Mormons, this book does not give their biographies. If they did any good work in carving the Utah settlements out of desert and wilderness, the statement of it is in the main avoided by Mr. Linn.

Taking the volume as a whole, one is somewhat lead to doubt the rightfulness and wisdom of spoiling six hundred pages of good paper in rehearsing its gruesome details.

DANIEL WEBSTER. By Samuel W. McCall. Cloth, 124 pp. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston and New York.

Daniel Webster graduated from Dartmouth College in the class of 1801, and the volume before us contains an address delivered at the college on the one hundredth anniversary of that event.

Mr. McCall speaks as an advocate and an apologist, and makes Webster the foremost member of the bar in America and the nation's leading orator. Regarding his legislative career, Mr. McCall is equally partisan. He is even unwilling to criticise Webster as a compromiser regarding the slavery question. In the light of the present it would not be just to hold Webster up to that bitter scorn contained in Whittier's "Ichabod," nevertheless the truth warrants the assertion that, with all his greatness, he did not rise to the opportunity he had to attack the nation's great iniquity.

The popular notion that Webster spoke and acted for years with his eye on the presidency is rather scouted by Mr. McCall, and yet we are of the opinion that reliable history will continue to teach what for half a century has been reiterated. The country has been painfully aware, in more cases than one, that a man's real public usefulness can be pretty nearly eclipsed by the constant buzzing of the presidential bee in his bonnet.

For massiveness, profundity and an almost Grecian eloquence, it is probable that Webster had no superiors in our country's line of great men. Few present-day statesmen can be entertaining and eloquent on their feet for seven hours, as was Webster in his reply to Hayne.

We are told that the great statesman was an ardent lover of nature and a sympathetic friend to all living things. We are indebted to Edward Everett Hale for exploding some of the slanders regarding Webster's drinking habits, it being alleged by Dr. Hale that his father's friend was not an excessive drinker, and surely was not a drunkard.

Mr. McCall had a noble theme for his oration, and in choice language he gave it a noble treatment. The book will be read with pleasure by all Americans.

DANIEL EVERTON, VOLUNTEER REGULAR. A Romance of the Philippines. By Israel Putnam. With illustrations by Sewell Collins. 12mo, cloth. Price, $1.20, net; postage, 10 cents. Funk & Wagnalls Com

pany, New York and London.

This novel will never sink into insignificance because of its weight, for it is light enough to float. The wit in it is cheap if not low, and the lesson conveyed is not specially inspiring or informing.

The author spent eighteen months with the army in the Philippines, and on that fact rests his qualification to paint conditions in the islands in the colors of

romance.

As the story proceeds and the weak plot thickens, the character who represents the insurgent natives is loaded down with treachery, and is made to appear very much of a wretch. He is presented as a true sample of all the Filipinos who made a struggle for independence. The only "noble Roman" among the natives, who figures as one of the heroes of this tale, is a rich planter who clamors between drinks and the shuffling of the cards for American sovereignty, and lots of it.

In following the thread of the story the reader comes upon constant evidences of the demoralizing effect of soldiering in the Philippines. Still we suspect. that if a person was hunting for a fair and impartial statement of social and political conditions in the archipelago, he would not go to this "romance of the Philippines" to find it.

NEW BOOKS OF INTEREST

Savings and Savings Institutions. By John Henry Hamilton, Ph. D., Professor of Sociology in Syracuse University. Cloth, 436 pp. The Macmillan Co., New York.

The Story of the Mormons, from the Date of Their