A-gric'o-la, Roman general, 459.
A-grip'pa, minister of Augustus, 487.

Al'ar-ic, 563, 564.

Al'ba Lon'ga; 276, 333.

Al-cae'us, 141.

Al-ci-bi'a-dēṣ, 214.

Alc'man, 141.

Alcuin (Al'kwin), 647.

A'ni-o, the river, 314.

Annals, early Roman, 277; of Tacitus,

492.

An-tal'ci-das, Peace of, 226.

An-tig'ō-nids, rulers of the house of
Antigonus, regent of Macedonia,
386.
An-tig'ō-nus, 246.

Al-e-man'ni, a Teutonic people, 511, An'ti-och, 254, 511, 533, 627, 629.

555, 587.
Alexander the Great, 3, 20, 45, 59,
69; youth, 238; accession and res-
toration of order, 239; invades
Asia as champion of Hellas, 239,
240; Persian campaigns, 240; in the
Far East, 241; constructive work,
expanding views, result, 242-245;
compared with Caesar, 450.
Alexandria, name of many Greek
cities in Asia after Alexander, 243.
Alexandria in Egypt, founded, 240,

243; glory of, 251, 254; patriarchate,
533, 627; conquest by Saracens, 629.
Alexandrian Age, the, 254.
Alexandrian library, the, founded,

258; burned by monks, 541; by
Mohammedans (?), ib.
Alexandrian Museum, 258.
Al'li-a, battle of the, 330.
"Allies," the Italian, of Rome, 341,
342, 343.

Alphabet, germs of, in Egyptian
hieroglyphics, 25; Phoenician, 58:
Greek, 98; Cretan, 87, note 2;
Gothic, 538, 556.
Alpine race, the, 8, 9, 274.
Am-i-a'-nus, 537.

Am-phic'ty-on'ic Council, the, 100.
Amphictionies, Greek, 100, 104, 181;
Latin, 333, note.

An-ab'a-sis, 206.

An-ac'rē-on, 131, 141.
An-ax-ag'o-ras, 207.
An-ax-i-man'der, 141.
An-ax-im'I-nēs, 142.
Ancestor worship, in Egypt, 27, 33;
Chaldea, 49; Greece, 87, 91.
Ancient history, definition and char-
acter, 4.

An'cus Mar'ti-us, king of Rome, 278.
Angles, 591.

An-ti'ō-chus, king of Syria, 384, 385.
An-to-ni'nus, Marcus Aurelius, 459,
460,478, 492,494, 503, 507, 509, 511,513.
Antoninus Pius, 459, 460, 478.
An-tō'-ni-us, Marcus (Mark An-
thony), 451-455.

A-pel'lēṣ, Greek painter, 256.
Aph'ro-di'tē, 100.

A-pŏl'lo, 100, 132; Belvidere, 248.
A'quae Sex'ti-ae, battle of, 421.
A-qui-taine', subdivision of Frankish
state, 616, 618, 619, 625.

Arabia, 12, 620, 622, 626. See Mo-
hammed.

"Arabic" notation, 2, note; 626,

note.

A-ra'tus, general of Achaean League,
265, 266, 267.
Arcadia, 231.

Ar-ca'di-us, Roman emperor, 519,
563, 573, 643.
Ar-chil'o-chus, 141.
Ar-chi-mē ́dēṣ, 259.
Architecture, in Egypt, 24; in Chal-
dea and Assyria, 48; in Greece
(Athens), 202; in Rome, 485-488;
early Christian, 488.

Archon, at Athens, 117, 138; king-
archon, 107, 117.

A're-op ́a-gus, Council of, 118, 127,
138, 195.
A'rēṣ, 100, 288.

Ar'gin-u'sae, battle of, 214.
Argives, see Argos.

Argos, persistence of kingship, 107;
Pheidon tyrant, 109; hostile to
Sparta, 110; crippled by Sparta,
156; friendly to Persia, 167; allied
to Athens against Sparta, 185; joins
Corinthian League against Sparta,
223; joins Achaean League, 265;
sacked by Goths, 511, 563.

Arminius, Roman name for Her- Athenian senate, after Solon, 127;
mann, which see.

pire, 186; loss, 187; truce with
Sparta, 188; peace with Persia,
188; power, 189; population, 190;
cleruchs, 190; revenues, 191; con-
stitution of Pericles, 192-199; gov-
ernment of the Empire, 199; intel-
lectual and artistic Athens, 201-
210; Peloponnesian War, 211–216;
resources, 213; the plague, 213;
rule of the Four Hundred, 215;
siege and surrender, 216; rule of
The Thirty, 220; democratic res-
toration, 220; Corinthian War
against Sparta, 223-225; Long
Walls rebuilt, 225; attempted sur-
prise by Sparta, 227; new Athenian
confederacy, 229; shelters Theban
exiles, 229; joins Sparta against
Thebes, 231; contest with Philip
II., 234; defeat at Chaeronea, 236;
philosophic center in Alexandrian
Age, 254; freed from Macedonian
garrison by Aratus, 265; refuses to
join Achaean League, 265, note;
sacked by Goths, 511, 563.
A'thos, Mount, 161; canal, 166.
At tal-ids, rulers of the house of
Attalus, king of Pergamum, 253.
At'ti-ca, 93, 99, 101, 190.

Attic comedy, 204.

At'til-a, 570, 571, 572.

Augurs (Roman), 290, 291, 327.
Au-gus tine (Saint), 538; condemns
pagan learning, 540.

Au-gus'tus (Octavius, Octavianus),
451; forms Second Triumvirate,
452; overthrows Brutus and Cas-
sius at Philippi, 452; overthrows
Anthony at Actium, 455; establishes
the Empire, 456; events of rule, 458;
imperial constitution, republican
forms, 462, 463; extends territory,
471, 472; building, 486; Augustan
Age in literature, 491; a title of
future emperors, 521.
Au'ra-maz'da (A-hu'ra
Persian god, 72.

A-vars, 569.
Av'en-tine, one of Rome's Seven
Hills, 280, 319.

Bā'al, 59, 357.
Babylon (see also Chaldea), capital,
40; conquered by Assyria, 41; re-
volt, 42; new Babylonian Empire,
42; Persian capture, 42, 69; indus-
try, 43; writing and libraries, 44,
45; Hanging Gardens, 48; influence
on Persia, 71; Alexander's con-
quest, 240; Alexander dies at, 241.
Bac'tri-a, 241.
Baer ́sark, 557.
Bagdad, 625.
Barbarian invasions, Scythian, 41,
72; Celtic (Gauls), 248, 330; Teu-
tonic attacks on Roman world,
first century B.C., 421, 437; re-
newed, third century A.D., 459, 511;
successful in fourth century, 563 ff.;
not stronger than those repulsed
by Marius and Caesar, 543, 596.
Bar'ca, see Hamilcar.

Barrack Emperors, the, 461, 512.
Ba-sil'i-ca, 488.

Bavaria, added to Frankish state by
sons of Clovis, 589; independent
after Dagobert, 618; reconquered
by Martel, 619; incorporated in
kingdom of Charlemagne, 638, 639.
Bel-i-să ri-us, 563, 567, 582.
Benedict, Saint, rules of, 603.
Ben-e-dic'tines, 603; see Monasti-
cism.

Ben-e-ven'tum, battle of, 335.
Be'o-wulf, Song of, 557.
Berber, 8, 21, 357.
Berlin Papyrus, the, 22, 30, 32.
Bishop, 533; civil authority, 630; of
Rome, see Papacy.

Bi-thyn'i-a, Roman province, 466.
Bo-a-di-cē ́a, 476.
Boe-o'ti-a, 141, 187.
Maz'da), Boeotian League, 226, 261.

Au-re'li-an, Roman emperor, 461, 511,
515.

Aus tra'si-a, division of Frankish
state, 616, 618.

Bohemia, tributary state of Charle-

magne, 640.

Book of the Dead (Egyptian), 29,

33.

Bren'nus, Gallic chieftain, 330.

Britain, Phoenician trade, 57; Cae-
sar's invasion, 437; conquest begun
by Claudius, 458, 473; completed
by Agricola, 459; extent of Roman
power in, 473; Hadrian's Wall, 459,
475; diocese of, 521; Teutonic con-
quest, 591; slow and thorough oc-
cupation, 592; result, a Teutonic
state, 593; conversion of Teutonic
states to Christianity, 594; political
results, 594.

Brutus, Lucius Junius, 350; Marcus,
449, 454.

Bud'dha, 2, note.

Bureaucracy, in Egypt, 22; in
Roman Empire, 521, 523, 525;
nature of, 526, 527.
Burgundians, a Teutonic people, 551
(see Teutons); converted to Arian
Christianity, 558; settle in Gaul,
565, 566; first Teutonic written
code, 566; reverence for Rome, 566;
joins Rome against Huns, 570; at-
tacked by Clovis, 589; numbers, 596.
Burgundy, a subdivision of the
Frankish state, 616.
By-zan'tine Empire, see Roman
Empire of the East.
By-zan'ti-um, 516.

Caesar, a title of the Roman em-
peror, 463; survival in modern im-
perial titles, 463, note; an assistant
of the emperor, 520.
Caesar, Caius Julius, studied oratory

at Rhodes, 254; in hiding from
Sulla, 428; rise in Pompey's ab-
sence, 435; character and aims, 435;
First Triumvirate, 436; in Gaul,
437; the hope of the subject na-
tionalities, 440; Civil War, 438-
444; master of the world, 444; pol-
icy of reconciliation, 445; power
and titles, 446; general reform, 447;

Cal-ig'u-la (Caius Caesar, grandson
of Augustus), 458.
Caliphs, 621, note.
Cal'li-as, Peace of, 188.
Cal-lic'rā-tē, 202.
Cal-li'nus, 141.
Ca-millus, 328, note.
Cam-pa'ni-a, Etruscans in, 274; Sam-
nites recover, 274, 332; attacked by
hill Samnites, 332; Rome called in,
332; Campanian mercenaries in
Sicily, 359.

Cam'pus Mar'ti-us, 487.
Că'naan-ites, 12.
Can'nae, battle of, 367.
Cap-pa-do'ci-ans, 76.
Capua, joins Hannibal, 367; besieged
by Rome, 372; destroyed, 377; re-
founded by Caesar, 447.
Car-a-cal'la, Roman emperor, 461,
480.

Ca'ri-ans, the, 76, 84, 182.
Car-ō-lin'gi-an dynasty, descended
from Charles Martel, 633.
Carthage, Phoenician colony, 58;
attacks Greeks in Sicily, 155, 167;
defeated at Himera, 174; signifi-
cance of repulse, 176; held in check
by Athenian name, 189; renews
attempts on Sicily, 217; one of five
great powers, 356; the rival of Rome
in the West, 356; character of civil-
ization, 358, 359; First Punic War
-loss of Sicily, 361, 362; Merce-
nary War-loss of Sardinia and
Corsica, 363; Second Punic War-
loss of Spain and much of Africa,
365-374; destruction after Third
Punic War, 379-382; attempt of
Gracchus to refound, 415, 417; re-
founded by Caesar, 447; capital of
Vandal kingdom, 567.

-

Carthage, Council of, condemns
pagan learning, 540.

provinces under, 448; murder, 449; | Cas'si-us, Caius, the conspirator

place in history, 450; compared
with Alexander and Napoleon, 450;
in Roman literature, 490.
Calendar, the, Egyptian, 26; Chal-
dean, 45; Roman, reformed by
Caesar, 447, and note.

against Caesar, 449, 454; Spurius,
319, 328, note, 411.

Caste, none in Egypt, 22: approach
to, in Roman Empire, 550.
Catiline, conspiracy, 435.

Cato, the Censor, urges destruction

of Carthage, 379; on Roman sla- | Chinese, 2 and note, 79.

very, 405; attempts at reform, 407; Christianity, birth of Christ, 458; con-

literary works, 489.

Cato the Younger, character and
political ideal, 435; defeat at Thap-
sus, 444; death at Utica, 444, note.
Ca-tul'lus, 490.

Cau'dine Forks, battle of, 334.
Ce'crops, 93, 503.

Celts, 6, 248, 262, 569; see Gauls.
Censor (Roman), 325, 327, 344, 346.
Centuries, Roman army of, 295; As-
sembly, see Roman Assemblies.
Ce'os, 141.

Ce-ra-mi'cus, 202.
Cer'y-ne'ia, 263.

Chaer'o-ne'-a, battle of, 236.
Chalcid'ic Confederacy, 228.
Chal'cis, colonies in Thrace, 106; an
Athenian cleruchy, 133.
Chal-de'a (see Babylon), early home

of civilization, 12; geography and
fertility, 39; myths, 40; First Chal-
dean Empire, 40; Second (or Baby-
lonian) Empire, 42; literature and
science, 44-46; calendar, 45; soci-
ety, 47; arts, 48; religion and
morals, 49; place in history, 78.
Chalons (shä-lon), battle of, 570, 572;
significance, 570, 625.
Charlemagne (shärl-e-man'), form

of name, 636, note; condition of
Frankish state at accession, 636;
character and place in history, 636,
649; expands civilization, 636; wars
with Saxons, 637; other conquests,
638; political aim, 639, 640; renews
the Roman Empire in the West, 641,
642; organization, 645; relation to
the Church, 646; schools, 647.
Charles Mar-tel', Mayor of the Pal-
ace, 619; reasserts Frankish author-
ity over frontier provinces, 619;
repulses Saracens at Tours, 625;
rules without a king, 633; refuses
to aid Pope against Lombards, 634.
Cher-so-nēse', 164.
Chiefs, Council of, Homeric, 96, 97;
origin of Spartan senate, 111, and
Athenian Areopagus, 118; of Roman
senate, 292, 294; Teutonic, 559.

trast with the higher pagan philos-
ophy, 505; debt to Roman Empire,
506; debt to Empire in political
organization, 533; persecution of,
507-510, and 458, 459, 460, 516; num-
ber of adherents and organization
in third century, 528; Constantine
makes it a favored religion, 516,
528, 529; persecutions by, 518, 530;
effect upon slavery and gladiatorial
games, 531; reaction of paganism
upon Christianity, 531; conversion
of barbarians influenced by early
conversion of Empire, 532; church
organization-hierarchic and mo-
narchic tendencies, 533; rise of here-
sies, 534; Arian heresy and Nicene
Council, 535; attitude of Church
toward pagan learning, 539, 540;
Teutonic and Latin Christianity
compared, 557; Arianism of Teu-
tonic invaders (except Franks and
Saxons), 536, 558; Franks converted
to orthodox Christianity, 588; ad-
vantage of Franks against Arian
rivals, 588, 589; Saxons in Britain
converted, 594; old Celtic Church
in Britain, 594; Council of Whitby,
594; nature of Christianity among
Teutonic conquerors, 600; moral
excellence even in Dark Ages, 600,
601; Monasticism (which see), 602-
605; rise of Papacy (which see),
627-632; Latin and Greek Christi-
anity, 534, 628; Greek churches
lost in great part to Mohammedans,
629; iconoclastic quarrel, 629, 631;
Great Schism, 629-631. See Greek
Christianity and Latin Christianity.
Chry-sos'tom, Saint, 538.
Cicero, 435, 450, 490.
Cilician pirates, 434.
Cilicians, 76.

Cimbri, invasion by, 421.
Ci-min'i-an Forest, 331.
Ci'mon, 182, 185.
Cin'a-don, 221.
Cin-cin-na'tus, 328, note.
Cin'na, 426.