country, and after securing citizenship have returned to reside in their native land. A law of 1907 recognizes the principle of protection in allowing the Secretary of State at his discretion to issue passports limited to six months to persons who have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States. However, these are not good in states of prior allegiance. Expatriation of this kind is not approved by the United States, and naturalization is now permitted only to those persons who declare their intention to reside permanently in the United States.

To the Pupil:

QUESTIONS

1. Who are citizens of the United States?

2. Enumerate the requirements for obtaining citizenship. 3. From references find out how people lose their American

citizenship.

4. Describe the entire process of naturalization.

5. Why was the law changed so that the wife of an alien eligible to naturalization must become naturalized in order to become a citizen?

6. Why is the exception made that an alien man who has served in the army or navy of the United States and an alien women who marries an American citizen can become naturalized in one year?

7. What are the reasons for requiring a literacy test before admitting aliens?

8. Under the Johnson Immigration Law, two per cent of the total number of any nationality living in the United States in 1890 are admitted. After July 1, 1927, the maximum number of immigrants admissible from the countries to which the law applies shall be 150,000, and

these shall be apportioned in accordance with the "national origin" principle, according to which newcomers are admitted in proportion to the total number of each stock to the entire white population. Discuss the justice of this law. Why was the date 1890 used instead of 1910?

9. Why were our laws on immigration made so restrictive during and after the World War?

10. In some states an alien is permitted to vote after taking out his first papers sometimes several years before he is entitled to receive a Certificate of Naturalization. Discuss the advisability of such practice.

11. The king of a foreign country maintained that as long as the people who emigrated to America used the mother tongue and taught their children the mother tonguethat he could depend on their loyalty to his country. What suggestions does this make for changes in our naturalization laws?

12. What is Americanization? Ascertain what is being done along this line in your own and other communities.

What evidences indicate that some of our own citizens need this training?

13. Why do most of the immigrants who come to America now settle in the big cities? How does this complicate

the problem of Americanization?

14. Show that it is a wise provision that a Certificate of Naturalization can be canceled within five years after a person leaves the United States and takes up permanent residence in a foreign country.

Things to Do:

1. Find out from some naturalized foreigner the reasons that brought him to America and the early impressions he had of our country and people; or if it can be done without embarrassment, secure the information from some alien who has lived here several years as to why he is not going through the process of naturalization

to become a citizen of the United States. Report the interview to the class.

2. Dramatize the naturalization of a foreigner.

Use as a

basis a booklet on "How to Obtain Citizenship Papers," by Thompson, issued by the National Security League of New York City.

3. Debate the following question:

Resolved, That all aliens should be compelled to learn to read and write the English language, and be able to pass a test on the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution before being admitted to citizenship. 4. Prepare an argument to use in convincing an alien that he should become naturalized.

5. From outside sources determine when a naturalized citizen of the United States is not a citizen. How could this be remedied? Refer to Atlantic Monthly, January,

1925, "When Is a Citizen Not a Citizen?"

Books for class reports:

"The Promised Land," Mary Antin.

The story of a little Jewish immigrant girl.

"Our Foreign-born Citizens," Annie E. S. Beard.

Short sketches of the lives of thirty-four prominent naturalized Americans.

"Americans by Adoption," Joseph Husband.

Short biography of nine great naturalized Americans. "The Making of an American," Jacob A. Riis.

Experiences of the author.

"The Soul of an Immigrant," Constantine M. Panunzio.

Story of an Italian boy in becoming an American citizen.

The

Com

pact.

CHAPTER TEN

THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT WITH COMMENTS

While the Mayflower was anchored off Cape Cod in December, 1620, the Pilgrims met in its cabin and signed the following compact:

"In ye name of God Amen. We whose names are underwriten, the loyall subjects of our dread soveraigne Lord King James, by ye grace of God, of great Britaine, Franc, & Ireland king, defender of ye faith, &c haveing undertaken, for ye glorie of God and advancemente of ye christian faith and honour of our king and countrie, a voyage to plant ye first colonie in ye Northerne parts of Virginia. Doe by these presents solemnly mutualy in ye presence of God, and one of another, covenant, combine our selves togeather into a civill body politick, for our better ordering, preservation furtherance of ye ends aforesaid; and BY VERTUE HEAROF to enacte, constitute, and frame shuch just equall lawes, ordinances, Acts, constitutions, offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meete convenient for ye generall good of ye Colonie; Unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witnes wherof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cap-Codd ye 11 of November, in ye year of ye raigne of our soveraigne Lord King James of England, France, & Ireland ye eighteenth, and of Scotland ye fiftie fourth. Ano: Dom. 1620.”

Com

tution.

This compact is sometimes called the first written The constitution with democratic government. Strictly pact speaking, however, it is not a constitution. A con- not a stitution creates a form of government, specifies the Constifunctions of government, and defines and limits the powers of government. In this sense the compact was not a constitution, nor did it create a constitution. It was simply an agreement of resolute, high-minded, God-fearing men, binding themselves to obey whatever constitutions and laws should thereafter be enacted by mutual consent. The spirit of the makers of the Compact was, undoubtedly, akin to that of the framers of the Constitution.

The people of Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield created and established a government by the adoption of "The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut" in 1639. This Connecticut Constitution, rather than the Mayflower Compact, should be considered the beginning of our Constitution. "It is on the banks of the Connecticut, under the mighty preaching of Thomas Hooker and in the constitution to which he gave life, if not form, that we draw the first breath of that atmosphere which is now so familiar to us. The birthplace of American democracy is Hartford."