yucca, anise, and fruits. Vast stands of timber support a lumber industry that supplies most of the demand for woods. Numerous medicinal barks and plants, chicle, tanning materials, gums, and rubber abound, but are not extensively exploited. Many cattle are raised on the plains of eastern Colombia, in the Cauca Valley, and on the Savana de Bolivar.

Manufacturing.-A wide variety of articles for local consumption is turned out by factories located at Medellin, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Manizales, Bogota, Cali, and Bucaramanga. It has been estimated that more than 150,000,000 pesos have been invested in plants for the manufacture of textiles, shoes, clothing, furniture, cigars, cigarettes, tobacco, flour, cement, distilled liquors, beer, nonalcoholic beverages, glassware, chinaware, drugs, matches, nails, wire, soap, candles, chocolate, confectionery, foodstuffs, paper boxes and bags, knit goods, bricks, woodwork, pottery, vegetable oils, perfumes, and other products.

Mining. Colombia is rich in minerals. Gold is found in practically all parts of the country, the most important producing areas being the Departments of Antioquia, Cauca, Caldas, Narino, and Tolima, and the Intendencia del Choco. There are large reserves of coal, but it has not been mined on an important scale, and most of the deposits are inaccessible. Emeralds have been produced at Muzo, Cosquez, and other mines, located in the Department of Boyaca, for many years. Platinum is of major importance, Colombia being one of the few countries producing this metal. Rock-salt mining is carried on in numerous districts, and deposits of copper, lead, silver, mercury, iron ore, antimony, manganese, zinc, mica, and other minerals exist, but are not being worked on a commercial scale. Petroleum is produced in large quantities, principally by the Tropical Oil Co., which also operates a refinery manufacturing gasoline, lubricants, asphalt, and other byproducts.

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION

TRANSPORTATION

STEAMSHIP SERVICES.-The principal direct steamer services between the United States and Colombian ports are the following:

Lines From New York. Grace Line (Head Office, 10 Hanover Square, New York, N. Y.).—Caribbean Service: Sailings every Friday from Pier 57 for Curacao, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Barranquilla, Cartagena, and Cristobal; reach Barranquilla in 8 days, Cartagena in 9 days. West Coast South America Service: Sailings every Friday from Pier 57, North River, New York, via the Panama Canal to Buenaventura, Colombia, and west coast of South America; reach Buenaventura in 8 days.

United Fruit Co. (Office, 17 Battery Place, New York, N. Y.). Sailings every Wednesday from Pier 3, North River, New York,

for Kingston, Puerto Colombia, Cartagena, Cristobal, and Kingston; reach Puerto Colombia in 5 days, Cartagena in 7 days.

West Coast Line (Wessel, Duval & Co., Inc.) (Office, 90 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.).—Sailings every 2 weeks from Pier 46, Brooklyn, New York, via the Panama Canal, for Buenaventura and ports of the west coast of South America. Ships do not regularly carry passengers. Reach Buenaventura in 10 days.

Lines From New Orleans.-United Fruit Co. (Office, 321 St. Charles Street, New Orleans, La.).—Sailings every Saturday for Habana, Cuba, and Cristobal, Canal Zone, where connections may be made with steamers for Cartagena and Puerto Colombia; 6 days to Cristobal. Also sailings every Wednesday for Cartagena and Barranquilla, with a call at Santa Marta every other week.

Standard Fruit and Steamship Co. (140 Carondelet Street, New Orleans, La.).—Weekly service to Cristobal, where transshipment may be made to Colombian north-coast ports.

Lines From San Franciso.-Nippon Yusen Kaisha Line.-Sailings for Buenaventura every 28 days; reach Buenaventura in 15 days.

Other Lines.-Lykes Bros. Steamship Co. (Head Office, Houston, Tex.)-Fortnightly sailings from Houston-Galveston to Habana, Cristobal, Cartagena, and Puerto Colombia. Limited passenger facilities. Reaches Colombian ports in 16 to 18 days. Pacific-Argentina-Brazil Line (McCormick Steamship Co.) (Head Office, 461 Market Street, San Francisco, Calif.).—Calls at Puerto Colombia on north-bound voyages from River Plate and east-coast South American ports to San Francisco; limited passenger facilities.

AIR SERVICES.-Pan American Airways, Inc., provides service every Tuesday and Thursday between Miami, and Barranquilla, with stops at Habana and Cienfuegos, Cuba, and at Kingston, Jamaica. Return flights are made on Wednesdays and Fridays. At Barranquilla connections can be made for the Canal Zone; Maracaibo and La Guaira, Venezuela; Port of Spain, Trinidad; and the east coast of South America. Planes of the Pan American Grace Airways, Inc., leaving Cristobal every Wednesday and Sunday, stop at Cali, Colombia; Quito and Guayaquil, Ecuador; and other west-coast cities.

The Uraba, Medellin & Central Airways, Inc. (a company of Pan American Airways system) operates a service on Wednesdays, Saturdays, and Sundays, between Cristobal, Canal Zone; Panama City; and Turbo, Colombia. At the latter point, connection is made with the lines of the Colombian-German Air Transport Service (SCADTA), for Monteria, Cartagena, and Barranquilla. The SCADTA air lines reach most of the important cities and towns in the country. Bookings over the lines of this carrier may be made in the United States at the offices and agencies of the Pan American Airways system, and in Colombia through SCADTA'S offices and agencies.

Ticket Taxes.-A 5-percent national stamp tax is collected on the one-way value of steamship and air-line tickets paid for and issued in Colombia for passage from Colombian ports to foreign ports, including tickets issued in Colombia for exchange orders honored at Colombian ports, or tickets purchased in Colombia for passage beginning at a foreign port. The tax is not assessed on tickets issued in foreign ports for transit passengers through Colombia, nor on such tickets providing for stopovers in the country, but is applied on the one-way value of exchange orders purchased outside of Colombia for passages beginning in Colombia destined to foreign ports. In addition to the 5-percent tax, a 10-percent "national defense and exchange tax" is collected on the full value of all steamship and air-line tickets or exchange orders purchased in Colombia for passage to foreign ports.

MAGDALENA RIVER SERVICE.—With the development and extension of air lines, fewer persons than formerly, traveling between the north coast and the interior, use the passenger service provided by boats on the Magdalena River. This service is now used principally by port-to-port travelers, those who may be carrying heavy baggage, or persons to whom time is not a primary factor. When conditions are favorable, the river trip from Caracoli (Honda), the head of navigation on the lower Magdalena, down to Barranquilla can be made on express boats in about 4 days, and up the river between the same points in about 5 to 6 days.

In January, February, and March, the river is low and navigation south of Puerto Wilches is often interrupted. Sailings both up and down the river are frequent.

RAILROADS. No rail facilities from the Caribbean coast to central Colombia are available. From Buenaventura, on the Pacific coast, rail transportation is available via the Pacific Railway to Cali, Popayan, Cartago, Armenia, and other cities in the Cauca Valley. Bogota may be reached from the west coast by way of the Pacific Railway to Armenia, then by motorcar to Ibague, where connection is made with the Girardot-TolimaHuila Railway to Bogota. Several railways serve the area adjacent to Bogota. Puerto Wilches and Puerto Berrio, on the Magdalena River, are connected by rail with Bucaramanga and

Medellin.

HIGHWAYS.-The construction of numerous trunk and feeder highways by the Colombian Government during recent years has eliminated many of the transportation difficulties formerly encountered by commercial travelers.

CABLEWAYS.-Passenger_cableways operate from Gamarra, on the Magdalena River, to Ocana, Department of Santander del Norte, a distance of 29 miles; from Manizales to Aranzazu, Department of Caldas, a distance of 15 miles, on the overland route to Medellin.

COMMUNICATION

Telegraph, Cable, Radio, and Telephone.-The country is well served by telegraph lines, which are operated by the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs. There are also commercial wirelesstelegraph stations for internal communication, pertaining to the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs, in all the principal centers. All America Cables, Inc., and the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co., Ltd., provide international communication service and an internal service in connection with Colombian Governmentowned stations at those points where they do not maintain their own offices.

Practically all the cities and towns of importance have local telephone service. The country is covered by a network of longdistance lines and radiotelephone stations which provide both domestic and international service.

Postage and Parcel Post.-Colombia is a member of the Universal Postal Union. First-class ordinary letter postage from the United States is 3 cents an ounce or fraction thereof. There is also parcel-post service between the United States and Colombia, the weight limit being 44 pounds. Letters from Colombia to the United States and countries belonging to the Pan American Postal Union cost 5 centavos for each 20 grams or fraction thereof. The rate on air-mail letters from the United States to Colombia is 35 cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof; from Colombia to points in the United States, 35 centavos for each 10 grams or fraction thereof. Mail matter for transmittal from the United States to Colombia should have affixed (or be marked) "Par Avion-By Air Mail"; from Colombia to the United States, "Correo Aereo." There is an international moneyorder service and an international insurance service for valuable mail.

ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

An American passport visaed by a Colombian consul is necessary. Commercial travelers visiting the country for a brief period are charged no visa fee. Passports must be presented in person for visa and must be accompanied by (1) a health certificate, issued by a reputable physician within 30 days prior to departure, stating that the person desiring the visa is not suffering from any chronic or contagious disease or mental derangement, and is not a chronic alcoholic, ataxic, epileptic, or drug addict; (2) a recently issued smallpox vaccination certificate; (3) three signed photographs; (4) a letter of introduction to the Colombian consul from the traveler's employer, stating the purpose of the trip and attesting to the traveler's integrity and good reputation; (5) a police certificate covering a continuous period of 10 years, issued within 30 days prior to applying for a visa; (6) a statement as to civil status (married or single,

birth, etc.). Since entry requirements are subject to change, upto-date information should be obtained from the nearest Colombian consulate.

ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE

Identification Card.-Foreign commercial travelers are exempted from payment of the deposit required of entering aliens. Immediately after arrival in the country travelers should present themselves at the nearest Exchange and Export Control Office of the Bank of the Republic to declare the amount of foreign currency they have in their possession; and within 5 days after arrival they must call personally, with their passports and ac companying papers, at the Alien's Section of the National Police in Bogota, or at the Identification Offices in the departmental capitals, or in other cities at the mayor's office, to obtain a "cedula de extranjeria" or alien's identification card. In the case of transients, this card is valid for a period of 6 months. Foreign travelers arriving at Bogota with identification cards issued elsewhere in the Republic must present themselves within 3 days at the Alien's Section of the National Police to have their cards visaed. All changes of address, as well as all arrivals or departures, must be reported.

Departure. No foreign traveler may leave the country without (a) an identification card, (b) a clearance certificate from the income-tax office, and (c) a departure permit issued by the Alien's Section of the National Police at Bogota, and at other points by the authorities charged with the registration of foreigners. Foreign commercial travelers are not subject to income tax; nevertheless, the traveler must obtain a clearance certificate from the nearest income-tax office before he is permitted to leave the country. The clearance certificate is issued upon the traveler's presentation of his alien's identification card.

Salesmen's Samples.-Samples brought in by commercial travelers are subject to the same documentary requirements as those for shipment by freight; and, under the same circumstances, are subject to consular certification.

Samples which definitely have no commercial value may be brought in duty free. To be considered samples of no value, the goods must be mutilated or be in a form that renders them totally unsalable and unusable except for taking orders. Samples of textiles (measured in the direction of the warp) and paper of any kind can be the full width of the piece, but they must not be over 40 centimeters in length. Samples of these articles which cannot be shown except in larger pieces will be multilated in the customs by cuts 10 centimeters apart.

Samples of oilcloth and felt cannot exceed 30 by 30 centimeters. Cables, metal thread, cords, moldings, rope and string of any kind, must not exceed 16 centimeters in length. Other merchandise samples, such as hooks, buckles, buttons, rivets, screws,