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of our reports went to Shanghai or Tientsin in China proper, and from these ports they were either transshipped to Dairen or resold to other parts of Manchuria. They were, accordingly, recorded in our enstoms statistics as exports to China, rather than as exports to Kwantung. With the severance of Manchuria from Chinese customs control in 1932 and the necessity of paying duty on goods entering Manchuria from Chinese ports, these transshipments ceased, and Amerionn exports formerly shipped via China were sent direct and credited to the Kwantung Leased Territory.

Sines the outbreak of Sino-Japanese hostilities in July 1937, Dairen luna neumed increasing importance as a point of entry not only for pule for use in Manchuria but for shipments to the North China area

Particularly in the early stages of the conflict, products destined for North China were sent to Dairen because of hindrances at Tientsin and other North Chinn ports. Moreover, the demand in Manchuria for military supplies and for materials to be used in the development of its heav'r industries stimulated import trade. Hence, our exports to the kwantung Lonsed Territory advanced sharply, reaching a Value of $10,068,000 in 1937 and $17.005,000 in 1938, as against only *1,34 1,000 m 1936. The increases were confined mainly to sales of Popper, industrial machinery, motortrucks, railway cars, and petroloom podnets, as well as raw cotton to feed Manchuria's growing foxolo industry It is noteworthy that consumer goods do not feature fo gut extent in this trade.

Analys of the month trade of the United States with Kwantung mitvals a downwand need in our exports to that tetery in the latter months of piRN This may be artbrod in part to the application of import vònrad, mestarione in Vanhuma and in part to diversion of some dislope to climent and is, in hoe with Manchuria's barter Beynimente With R

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*r exe in our import ed States from Kwannung 00 m 1957, and $1.627.000

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Table 42.-Frincipal Commodities in Trade of the United States With Kwantung
Leased Territory-Continued

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1 Figures for 1929 and 1932 have not been adjusted for minor transfers in classifications of later years. Less than 500.

FRENCH INDOCHINA AND THAILAND (SIAM)

Both the export trade and the import trade of the United States with French Indochina and Thailand (Siam) were slightly larger in value in 1938 than in 1937. Exports to the area increased from $6,214,000 in 1937 to $6,395,000, while imports for consumption advanced to $7,488,000 from $6,972,000. Machinery and vehicles as a group comprised about two-fifths of the export total in 1938, while raw cotton, leaf tobacco, petroleum products, and metals and manufactures ranked next in importance, in the order named. Purchases of crude rubber from French Indochina increased in both quantity and value in 1938; this one item represented 90 percent of the import trade with the area.

Principal United States exports to French Indochina and Thailand in 1938, with 1937 figures in parentheses, were as follows: Machinery and vehicles valued at $2,426,000 ($2,738,000), of which automobiles, including trucks, parts, and accessories, were $573,000 ($533,000) and airplanes, parts, and accessories, $843,000 ($1,155,000); raw cotton, 24,088 bales at $1,255,000 (14,327 bales, $817,000); unmanufactured tobacco, 4,844,000 pounds at $788,000 (5,850,000 pounds, $849,000); refined mineral oils, 153,000 barrels at $488,000 (85,622 barrels, $390,000); metals and manufactures, $403,000 ($428,000); chemicals and related products, $170,000 ($171,000); and vegetable food products, $162,000 ($121,000).

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Statistics for principal imports in 1938 were as follows: Crude rubber, 45,316,000 pounds valued at $6,756,000 (36,503,000 pounds, 0,235,000 in 1937); unground pepper, 3,244,000 pounds, $178,000 (700,000 pounds, $37,000 in 1937); teakwood, 409 M feet at $88,000 (763 M feet, $175,000 in 1937); and precious stones, $101,000 ($227,000 in 1937).

JAPAN, INCLUDING TAIWAN AND CHOSEN

The rapid expansion in United States trade with Japan after 1934 was terminated in 1938, when the curve of both imports and exports turned sharply downward. Japan's enforced economy and restrictions on imports, representing a policy to which the Government has definitely committed that country since the China incident in July Tua,, resulted in reduced purchases from practically all leading counties last year. The value of sales by the United States to Japan dropped 17 percent from the 1937 peak of $288,558,000, but the total was fr poreont larger than in 1936. Imports into the United States in Tuis were likewise affected by the situation in Japan and by the busi

alump in this country during the early months of the year. Conoral miports of Japanese goods fell 38 percent from the 1937 total and on porcent as compared with 1986. Accordingly, Japan's share in u foral foreign trade dropped to the lowest point in a number of Avats, as will be noted from the figures in table 43. The excess value of our exports to dapan over imports from that country totaled 2110 add ddd, the highest figure on record in this connection.

Raw corron her boon for many years the primary commodity in mood xport trade with lapan, bur during the past two years LIONS OF DOLLARS Kete

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volume and 40 percent in value. Changing conditions in Japan have contributed to this decline. After the outbreak of Sino-Japanese hostilities in 1937, a notable shift occurred in Japan's industrial set-up, which in turn affected the character of import trade. In the past two years Japan has concentrated its efforts on the expansion of heavy industries, rather than on the export industries. Severe import-control regulations have been enforced, particularly on imports of materials for peacetime industries, and the use of cotton for domestic consumption has been banned. Consequently, our raw-cotton trade with Japan has suffered a decline, accounting for only 21 percent of our total exports to Japan in 1937 and 22 percent of the total in 1938, compared with 43 percent in 1936. On the other hand, exports of power-driven metalworking machinery for use in the development of Japan's heavy industries advanced from a small proportion in 1936 to nearly 10 percent of our exports to Japan in 1938.

In the face of Japan's exchange and import restrictions, only a few essential products, such as crude petroleum, gasoline, copper, and aircraft and parts, were exported in amounts greater than those of 1937. Practically all other leading items registered declines. Principal commodities exported in appreciably smaller quantity and value in 1938 than in other recent years included wood pulp, lumber, passenger automobiles, motor trucks and busses, and chemical products. Exports of iron and steel products, including scrap iron, were only about half as large in value in 1938 as in 1937, but almost twice as high as in 1936.

More complete information than can be given in this bulletin on Japan's economic situation, and also on its import restrictions and changing trade position, is available in a mimeographed statement prepared by the Far Eastern Section of the Division of Regional Information of this Bureau and released by the Department of Commerce, July 27, 1939.

Import Commodities.

Raw silk accounted for 63.5 percent of United States imports for consumption from Japan in 1938, compared with 51 percent in 1937. Nevertheless, the value of 1938 purchases declined by 16 percent, owing to smaller takings by American silk mills and to lower silk prices during the early months of the year. The larger percentage accredited to silk in our imports from Japan is therefore the consequence of the general decline in imports of other Japanese commodities, rather than of any improvement in the silk trade.

It is noteworthy that declines occurred in purchases of every leading import commodity in our trade with Japan, compared with 1937 and 1936. Increased production costs as a result of Japan's control measures advanced prices to a point where Japanese manufactured products were less competitive in world markets. Moreover, American consumers continued to show slackened interest in the sundry products of Japanese industries. Notable declines were registered in imports of canned tuna fish, crab meat, undressed furs, cotton piece goods, cotton rugs, china and potteries, electric bulbs, toys, and other manufactured products that held a more favorable position in the trade a few years ago.

Table 43.-Principal Commodities in Trade of the United States With Japan, Including Taiwan and Chosen

NOTE-Data for individual export items include only United States products. Import commodities are "general imports" in 1929 and 1932 and “imports for consumption" in 1937 and 1938.

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