in addition to research institutes serving various sectors of industry there is a large national center of applied research known as the TNO Institute. This large national laboratory combines research for industry at large, with special services for firms through contracts. The "free" research is financed by the Government; the appropriate industry, either individually or through groups of cooperating firms, finances the special studies. In addition, the research institutes which have been formed for the exclusive benefit of a particular industry often develop a working affiliation with the central TNO organization.

As might be expected, cooperative research institutes are well known and highly regarded in Sweden. One of the earliest is the Swedish Iron Masters Association, which dates back to 1747. This association contains a division called the Research Council. This division sponsors substantial research with the actual work usually performed in various steel companies and foundries. There is a coordinating body for the several research commissions under the Royal Academy of Technical Science. In Sweden, there are often formal contracts between the Government and the industry benefited, under which the Government provides buildings and certain services, and in addition pays the salaries for basic research. Industry, on the other hand, accepts the responsibility for providing instruments to cover the normal running expenses and for the applied research staff. These agreements are usually made for 5-year periods. The industrial support is normally provided through the pertinent industrial research association.

In closing, we note that those in Europe charged with spurring productivity clearly recognize the importance of applied research to their objective. Currently, their efforts in individual countries and through the European Productivity Agency give more attention to the stimulation of applied research by individual firms than by cooperative methods. This appears to be a recognition that cooperative research is already making a strong and solid contribution to productivity in Europe, and additional stimulus is little needed. Rather, it is through promotion of research by individual firms, leading to new products or process improvement, that research can now spur productivity in the industrial societies of Europe.

A list of 46 British research associations, together with data on annual expenditures, is presented in appendix G.

XI. DETAILS ON CURRENT RESEARCH OF 10 TRADE

ASSOCIATIONS

1. NATIONAL LUMBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION (TIMBER
ENGINEERING CO.)

Testing facilities arranged by the National Lumber Manufacturers Association, the largest association in the wood products industry, have been expanded to include a wide range of conventional and specialized equipment for evaluating the performance qualities of wood products and processes. These facilities range from a 200,000pound machine, which tests wood roof trusses and glued laminated ship timbers, to instruments for microscopic examination of wood finishes. The association has a technical staff of over 30 persons in its research affiliate, Timber Engineering Co. (TECO,) dedicated to advancing the use of wood as an engineering material, was established in 1933 by the lumber industry as an incorporated affiliate of the NLMA.

In 1943, TECO broadened the scope of its initial objective with the opening of its wood research laboratory in the Nation's Capital. Testifying to the value of the laboratory's services are 4 major expansions of its plant and facilities in 14 years-expansions required to meet the wood industry's research needs and opportunities.

The newly enlarged laboratory, officially opened in November 1956, is more than five times the size of the first building. The TECO Laboratory is well equipped to handle virtually all phases of research and development in wood products and processes, including comprehensive tests and evaluations, and surveys of markets and individual plant operations.

The TECO connector system of construction, introduced to America's designers and builders nearly a quarter of a century ago, broadened the applications of engineering principles to wood, opening the way for new concepts in timber design for light and heavy construction. The TECO system is based on the use of wedgefit split ring connectors and shear plates that spread loads more evenly throughout timber joints, enabling each joint member to apply its full strength. The simplicity of installing TECO connectors and assembling the wood structures without jigs speeds up building schedules, reflecting lower labor costs.

Engineered wood roof trusses, once limited to heavy structures, were introduced into the light construction field by TECO trussed rafters in 1946. Since then, they have been used in nearly 200,000 dwelling units. By eliminating load-bearing partitions, clear-span TECO trussed rafters give architects more freedom of interior planning, and enable builders to speed up completion.

In a new service started in 1956, home builders in key cities were shown how to build wood roof trusses with TECO connectors, and use Trip-L-Grip framing anchors, in full-scale demonstrations by personnel from the laboratory.

Further impetus stems from Timber Engineering's distribution of free technical data and typical designs to practicing and student architects and engineers and informative literature to builders to guide them in making the most efficient use of wood in their structures.

"Timber Design and Construction Handbook" is designed for the convenience of architects and engineers and instructors and students in these professions. It provides a single source of concise, reliable, and essential information needed to design and construct the best, most economical structures in wood.

It was prepared with the cooperation of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association, West Coast Lumbermen's Association, Western Pine Association, Southern Pine Association, American Institute of Timber Construction, American Wood Preservers Institute, and Douglas Fir Plywood Association.

Latest and most significant milestone in the TECO laboratory's growth is its new, fully equipped, and highly flexible pilot plant for the development of wood particle board, newest byproduct of improved utilization practices in the lumber and wood product industries.

As its name implies, particle board can be made of any raw wood material, sizes and shapes unsuitable for traditional lumber or wood products, such as forest thinnings, slabs, edgings, trimmings, shavings, and even sawdust.

Particle board is a valid and versatile material, presently used in furniture and door cores, decorative wall paneling, store and display fixtures, and other products using sheet material.

Consistent citing of research needs by industry leaders has resulted in a steadily rising volume and variety of industry demands for laboratory services.

Wood chemistry, oldest and most prolific field of research in the utilization of forest products, offers unlimited opportunities in the development of new products for increased sales, and new processes for improving wood's performance.

TECO's new, 3,500-board-foot-capacity Moore dry kiln provides added facilities for studies in improved seasoning methods. The kiln will serve as a curing chamber for glued and laminated products, a controlled temperature and humidity room for quality control work, and as a conventional kiln for drying lumber.

The laboratory has long been a leader in the application, testing, and evaluation of new wood adhesives and advanced gluing and laminating techniques.

This affiliate of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association is now self-supporting, with nominal fees for the use of the patented TECO connectors and its revenue from varied laboratory service in wood products for both member and nonmember.

2. PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION

With a research staff of over 120 persons, the association's $3 million laboratories located 16 miles northwest of Chicago are the largest and most completely equipped in the world devoted exclusively to research on cement and concrete. Dedicated in 1950, they contain more than 98,000 square feet of floor space.

The association also maintains a staff of research scientists at the National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, in

Washington, D.C. They are working under a cooperative fellowship set up to study basic problems relating to the constitution and properties of portland cement.

The field organization of the association includes more than 350 engineers, architects, and farm specialists working out of 32 district offices, in addition to 200 other staff employees at the laboratories and at the headquarters offices.

A survey conducted by the American Concrete Institute Committee on Research has disclosed that engineering colleges and private and governmental agencies are engaged in more than 350 different research projects involving portland cement and concrete. The Portland Cement Association is actively cooperating in many of these projects. It is association policy to make all scientific discoveries, new developments, and patentable inventions relating to cement and concrete fully, freely and immediately available to the public.

Since 1916, when the Portland Cement Association established its research laboratories in Chicago, many important contributions have been made to concrete technology.

The water-cement ratio principle of proportioning concrete mixtures was among the earliest and most far-reaching developments of association research. Another important contribution is the development of air-entraining portland cement to resist severe frost action and pavement scaling when certain chemicals are used to melt pavement ice. Pressure-grouting to stabilize railway and highway subgrades and tunnels, and soil-cement for low-cost light-traffic paving on roads, streets and airports are other important developments.

In addition to research conducted in the association's large laboratories near Chicago, numerous field projects are in progress in many widely separated sections of the country, in low and high altitudes, in States with severe winter climate and in semitropical areas.

A far-reaching research project relating to portland cement is the longtime study of the performance of portland cement in concrete, started in 1940. This project is financed by the association and conforms to a program prepared by an advisory committee made up of eight prominent research engineers and scientists outside the cement industry and four directly representing the industry. The basic purpose of the investigation is to determine what factors are responsible where differences in performance are found. More than 24,000 individual containers were required for the cement samples taken. One phase of these studies was the building of two-lane concrete test pavements totaling more than 6 miles. Nearly 400 test sections were built with various materials used in rotation on different sections.

Other phases of the project included the casting and driving of large concrete piles into the waters of Cape Cod, the Hudson River, the Atlantic Ocean near St. Augustine, and the Pacific Ocean near Los Angeles; observation of the durability of a thousand concrete beams exposed to alkali soils near Sacramento, Calif.; testing of concrete at large dams in the high Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains; and the establishment of two experimental test plots in Illinois and Georgia where some 2,000 concrete specimens are exposed to varying weather and soil conditions.

All this involved the making of 9,000 laboratory specimens and 2,800 field specimens before the projects could get underway. The

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findings of this study will result in improving the durability and lengthening the service life of concrete structures under the various conditions of exposure.

Each year the headquarters and 32 district offices of the Portland Cement Association receive approximately 300,000 requests for information. To service the great bulk of these requests quickly and adequately, the association has prepared more than 400 different publications covering the various fields in which cement and concrete are used. The publications range from highly technical booklets on the design of reinforced concrete to simple, easily understood folders on how to build concrete tanks or make small improvements around the home. More than 2,500,000 pieces of literature are distributed by the association in an average year.

The association is supported by voluntary financial contributions of its more than 70 member cement companies in the United States and Canada. These member companies, widely spread geographically and operating 152 separate plants, produce a very large proportion of all portland cement used in the United States and Canada.

The founders of the association realized that in order for portland cement to merit and attain widespread use and public confidence, a vast amount of basic research, product development, technical service, education and promotion would be required. If each company were to have undertaken this task independently, a tremendous duplication of effort and expense would have resulted. The Portland Cement Association was therefore organized in the interest of economy and efficiency and to insure a coordinated and sustained attack on the many complex problems of research, development, and expansion of markets.

3. AMERICAN MEAT INSTITUTE FOUNDATION

There are numerous areas of scientific and technical research being undertaken by the American Meat Institute Foundation, which is housed on the campus of the University of Chicago. Among these are nutrition studies, a search for improved methods of handling and processing livestock, a never-ending hunt for better utilization of meat byproducts, and ways of improving the tenderness of meat. The organization's patents are available without charge to all responsible applicants, if "used in the public interest."

The American Meat Institute Foundation was incorporated in 1944 and began operations on a modest scale in 1947. It moved into its present building in 1949 and immediately began broadening its work. It now has over 50 scientists on its staff. Officials say that its staff and research projects will expand as funds and facilities become increasingly available.

The foundation is a nonprofit organization affiliated with and located at the University of Chicago. Supported by meatpackers throughout the country, it is dedicated exclusively to research and education. The physical plant of the foundation represents with its equipment an investment of more than a million dollars. Some members of the foundation staff hold professorial appointments in the university, and graduate candidates for advanced degrees, working with these professorial counselors, may conduct their thesis research studies in the foundation laboratories.