their time between teaching and research.

Botanical experts are also employed as directors, curators and assistants in college and university museums, botanical gardens and herbariam. These positions may or may not involve teaching. At Michigan University a woman is assistant director of the botanical garden. The University of Oregon has a woman curator of its herbarium. She is also on the staff of its agricultural experiment station. The University of Pennsylvania has a woman curator for its herbarium.

Women botanists are doing important work as plant breeders, plant pathologists and physiologists, solving problems affecting the plant life of this and other countries. The largest opportunity for those in Government service is with the Department of Agriculture. The function of this department includes the study of plant diseases, their prevention and cure, the conservation of forests and the regulation of plant importation. Women are employed for this work almost as extensively as men. One woman botanist is employed by the Bureau of Chemistry to study the Constitution and action of certain fungi which appear in spoiled foods.

Museums of natural history employ botanists as directors, curators, artists and bibliographers. Among the institutions in which women hold responsible positions is the California Academy of Science, which has a woman curator at the head of its botanical department. In the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences a woman is employed as preparator in the botanical department. The director of the Charleston, S. C. Museum is a woman botanist. There is a woman technical assistant in the New York Botanical Gardens and a woman research assistant in the Missouri Botanical Gardens.

Commercial opportunities for botanists are limited, although a few are employed by drug manufacturers, flour companies, grain companies and florists. The few women who are engaged in this field are largely doing analytical work.

CHEMISTRY

Only recently have women taken up chemistry seriously as a vocation. Of the 15,000 chemists in the United States, not more than 4 or 5 per cent are women. It is a noteworthy fact, however, that 9.3 per cent. of all the doctorates in chemistry conferred in 1920 by American universities were awarded to women, and in 1921 9.7 per cent.

Women chemists have attained · a good foothold in educational and medical institutions and to a limited extent in public service, but as yet they have not been openly accepted in the industries. Certain features of chem

ical work in industrial plants have been considered limitations for women, and these have prevented them from making equal progress with men. In manufacturing plants where the work is mainly in laboratories, women have an even chance. But the more interesting activities carry the chemist into the plant itself, where the work is heavy and dirty. There are women pioneers, however, who are overcoming these hindrances by getting training in mechanics and by placing the heavy physical work in the hands of assistants.

In high schools about half the teachers of chemistry are women. But in colleges and universities, the proportion is far smaller. Even among the women's colleges, only three or four have entrusted the direction of the chemistry department to women.

A few hold responsible positions in schools of medicine, public health departments, pharmacy, nursing and agriculture. It is in schools and departments of home economics, however, that women chemists have met the least competition. In the field of nutrition American women have made their most important contributions to the science of chemistry. Other than home economics and teaching, the larger proportion of Women chemists are gaged in research work, abstracting scientific articles in various languages, managing scientific libraries and working in analytical laboratories.

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A fifteen-year-old French girl, Mlle. Irene Laurent, has made an important chemical discovery in the form of an explosive fuel to replace petrol. Mlle. Laurent is the daughter of a scientist and has been a close observer of her father's experiments. She then began work in her own way and produced a clear golden-colored liquid without any precipitate. Much is now expected of this new motor fuel, which, if kept from monopolistic control, will cost but a few cents a gallon.

NATURALISTS

Women who have attained positions of importance and who are members of the American Society of Naturalists are as follows: Cora Jipson Beckwith, A.M., Ph.D., Associate Professor of Zoology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.; Alice M. Boring, A.M., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Zoology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.; Rhoda Erdmann, Ph.D., Nassauische Str. 1711, Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Germany; Helen Dean King, A.M., Ph.D., Assistant_Professor of Embryology, the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pa.; Ann H. Morgan, Ph.D., Professor of Zoology, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Miss.; Edith Marion Patch, M.S., Ph.D., Entomologist, Maine Agricultural Experimental Station, Orono, Me.; Florence Peebles, Ph. D., Bryn Mawr, Pa.; Mary Jane Rathbun, Associate in Zoology,

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.; Mary B. Stark, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Professor of Embryology and Histology, New York Hospital Medical College and Flower Hospital, 64th St., and Avenue A, New York City, N. Y.

PSYCHOLOGY

Every woman member of the American Psychological Association has her doctor's degree. Many Women are prominent in the organization; Professor Calkins of Wellesley and Professor Washburn of Vassar have served upon the council. The following women are members on an equal footing with men: Mulhall Achilles, Edith New York City, doing research in memory tests; Ada Hart Arlitt, specialist in educational and animal tests, Bryn Mawr College; Phyllis Blanchard, psychopathologist, Bellevue Hospital, New York City; Lucy Boring. Clark University, Worcester, Mass., experimental psychologist; Ethel Bowman, Goucher College, Baltimore, Md., experimental psychologist; Olga Louise Bridgman, Associate Professor of Abnormal Psychology, University of California; Augusta F. Bronner, Director Judge Baker Foundation, Boston, Mass.; Mrs. Helen Hubbert Caldwell, 125 Parkwood Drive, Dayton, Ohio, mental tests specialist; Jesse Allen Charters, educational psychologist, 1536 Shady Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.; Clara Frances Chassell School Psychologist, Horace Mann School, New York City; Ruth Swan Clark, Psychologist Bureau of Vocational Service for Juniors, New York City; Margaret E. Cobb, clinical psychologist. Columbia University; Edwina Abbott, 3329 Country Club Place, Wichita, Kan.; June E. Downey. Professor Uniof Psychology and Philosophy, versity of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo.; Lucy Hoesch Ernst, 6 Kurfurstenstrasse Godesberg on Rhine, Germany, clinical psychologist; Grace Maxwell Fernald. Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of California, Southern branch; Sara C. Fisher, Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of California, Southern branch; Josephine C. Foster, Teaching Assistant, University of Minnesota: Cora Louisa Friedline, Adjunct Professor of Psychology, Woman's College, Randolph-Macon McG. A. Va. : Lynchburg. Eleanor Gamble, Professor of Psychology, WelAssistant lesley Georgiana S. Gates.

Professor of Educational Psychology,

Teachers Strickland.

College:

Mrs.

Arthur

S.

Lecturer in Psychology, Barnard College, Esther L. Gatewood. Researcher of at Carnegie Institute Pa.: Lillian Technology. Pittsburgh, Moller Gilbreth, New York City: Josephine M. Gleason, Assistant Professor. Vassar College; Kate Gordon, Associate Professor of Psychology and Education. Carnegie Institute of Technology; Mabel E. Goudge, Consulting Psychologist, 1827 Summit St., Colum

bus, Ohio; Rose S. Hardwick, N. E. Home for Little Wanderers, Boston, Mass.; Mary H. S. Hayes, Scott, Co., 1106 City Hall Bldg., Chicago, Ill.; Ethel P. Howes, Scarsdale, N. Y.; Grace H. Kent, State Training School for the Feeble-Minded, Clinton, S. C.; Christine Ladd-Franklin, Lecturer, Columbia University; Mildred West Loring, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.; Frances E. Lowell, Head of Department of Psychology, Indianapolis Normal School; Bertha M. Luckey, Clinical Psychologist of Board of Education, Cleveland, Ohio; Florence Mateer, Consulting Psycho-Clinician, School for Re-Education. 214 E. State St., Columbus. Ohio; Anna McKeag. Professor of History and Principles of Education, Wellesley College; Katherine Murdoch, Director of Educational Research, Punahon School, Honolulu, Hawaii; Elsie Murray, Professor of Psychology, Sweet Briar College,_ Sweet Briar, Va.; Ethel Chamberlain Porter, 320 Migeon Ave., Torrington, Conn.: Luella Cole Pressey, Department of Psychology, Ohio State University; Gertrude Rand, Bryn Mawr College; Sarah Margaret Ritter. Professor of Psychology and Education, Woman's College of Alabama. Montgomery: Florence R. Robinson, University of Chicago; Agnes Low Rogers, Professor of Education, Goucher College; Anna Sophie Rogers, Instructor, Ohio State University: Clara Schmitt. Child Study Expert, Board of Education, Chicago, Ill.; Margaret K. Smith, New Paltz. N. Y.; Jessie Taft. Director Child Study Department of the Children's Bureau and Children's Aid Society. Philadelphia; Ellen Bliss Talbot, Professor, Wellesley College: Clara Harrison Town, 2328 N. 22nd St., Philadelphia: Stella B. Vincent, Chicago Normal School; Margaret F. Washburn, Professor. Vassar College: Jean Weidensall. Assistant at College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati; Mary T. Whitley. Assistant Professor of Education, Teachers College; Mabel C. Williams, Associate Professor in Psychology. University of Jowa; Elizabeth L. Woods. Clinical Psychologist, State Department of Public Instruction, Madison. Wis. Mrs. Helen Thompson Wooley, Research Fellow. Helen S. Troustine Foundation Cincinnati, Ohio, and Assistant Director of the Merril-Palmer School, Detroit. Mich. Margaret A, Wooster Assistant Professor of Psychology. Beloit College, 839 Church St.. Beloit. Wis., Headquarters of American Psychological Association, Clarke University, Worcester. Mass.

ZOOLOGY

As in botany, the largest number of trained women zoologists are to be found in the secondary schools, coluniversities. leges and A few universities maintain museums which em

ploy zoologists apart from the teaching faculty.

In government service zoologists are employed for the control or propagation of animals, insects and fish. A number are connected with the Bureau of Animal Industry and Entomology. Museums, parks, and aquariums have need of expert zoologists to care for specimens, provide for their conservation and propagation, and to collect new specimens. The majority doing this work are men. More opportunities for women are to be found in research institutions which have need of trained investigators, artists and draughtsmen.

WOMAN'S CONTRIBUTION TO

SCIENCE

Evidence of the advancement women

are making in scientific fields was given at the recent meeting of the American Association For The Advancement of Science held at Washington and Los Angeles, respectively. Among the women who read papers were: Annie

Jump Cannon, of Harvard; Ruth Jane Ball, University of Vermont; Mary E. Reid, of Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research; Sophie Satina of the Station for Experimental Evolution; Matilda M. Brooks, of the U. S. Public Health Service; Alice M. Anderson and Annie Ruthbun Gravatt, of the Bureau of Plant Industry; Eloise Gerry of the Forests Products Laboratory; Dr. Helen T. Woolley; Dr. Mabel R. Fernwald, Psychological Laboratory of the Vocational Bureau, Cincinnati Public Schools.

the

The number of women lawyers, judges and justices has increased from 558 to 1738 in the past ten years. This increase has come in the face of strong opposition and prejudice. In accepting women, law has been most conservative of all professions. Of the seven law schools having the highest entrance requirements, Harvard, Columbia and Western Reserve do not yet admit women. Yale Law School was opened to women in 1919.

During the war the number of men students in law schools fell off 75 per cent. The number of women increased 26 per cent. This increase, however, was largely in evening schools. There was a slight decrease in the attendance of in full-time day schools. This indicates, say the experts in women's vocations, a supply of imperfectly trained women lawyers.

women

There are some very successful women in independent practice. But the majority are in salaried positions with law firms or in legal departments of insurance companies, railroads, real estate companies, indústrial and commercial firms, social organizations or in government service. In the salaried group incomes are not high, ranging from $660 for a legal aid society attorney, to $2150 for an elected justice of the peace. Women judges receive from $3000 to $10,000.

The American Bar Association includes among its members: Ellen Spencer Mussey, 1315 K St., Washington, D. C.; Annette Abbott Adams, 1032 Merchants Exchange Bldg. San Francisco, Calif.; Mary M. Bartelme, 800 County Bldg., Chicago, Ill.; Mary O'Toole, Hibbs Bldg., Washington, D. C.; Jean H. Norris and others.

Pauline M. Floyd of Washington, D. C., is the youngest woman lawyer admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court.

LAW SCHOOLS

The Woman Citizen gives a list of law School NOT open to women, adding that it is by no means complete, nor is it guaranteed accurate in detail : Georgetown University School of Law, Washington, D. C.: University of Florida College of Law. Gainesville, Fla.; University of Georgia, Law Department, Athens, Ga.; Mercer University Law School, Macon, Ga.; Northern Illinois University Law School, Chicago, Ill.; Harvard University Law School, Cambridge, Mass.; Minnesota College of Law, Minneapolis, Minn.; Columbia University School of Law, New York City; University of North Carolina Law Department, Chapel Hill, N. C.; Trinity College Law School, Durham, N. C.; Western Reserve University, Franklin T. Backus Law School, Cleveland, Ohio; University of South Carolina Law School, Columbia, S. C.; The University of Tennessee College of Law, Knoxville, Tenn.; Vanderbilt University Law School, Nashville, Tenn.; Washington and Lee University School of Law, Lexington, Va.

Among the law schools in the country which are open to women are Dickinson College, Pa.; Detroit College of Law, Detroit, Mich.; University of Detroit Law School; University of Mississippi Law School; University of Missouri; University of Pennsylvania; University of Syracuse; Temple University, Philadelphia; University of Virginia, Charlotteville; University of Wisconsin, Madison; University of Wyoming, Cheyenne; Brooklyn Law School; St. Lawrence University; Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.; Union University, Albany, N. Y. School of Law, Loyola University, Chicago; Law School, University of Washington, Seattle.

Although membership in the American Bar Association was opened to women only a few years ago, the annual last meeting attracted women lawyers from about one-third of the states and the District of Columbia.

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New York had 18 women members present, this being the largest number one state. The of women from any District of Columbia with 11 women members in attendance took second place in this respect. Of this number from the District, M. Pearl McCall, assistant district attorney, and Burnita Shelton Matthews, legal research retary of the National Woman's Party were delegates. Among the other women present were Mrs. Mabel Walker States Willebrandt, United Assistant Attorney-General; Judge Mary B. Grossman of Ohio, Mrs. Ellen Spencer Mussey, honorary dean of the Washington College of Law, and Miss Emilie M. Bullowa of New York.

While there was a liberal sprinkling of women from every section of the country at the meeting, they received little recognition. A few were allowed to Sevserve on the reception committee. eral were delgates from their respective jurisdictions and infrequently the nomination of a woman on a local council was obtained.

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Among the subject reported by the Committee on Uniform State Laws as under consideration was the Uniform Act for Joint Parental Guardianship of The committee further Children. ported that 19 states have adopted the Desertion and Non-Support of Family Act, approved in 1910: that 4 States have adopted the Illegitimacy Act, approved in 1922; that 2 states have adopted the Marriage License Act, approved is 1911. and that five states have adopted the Marriage Evasion Act, approved in 1912. "Equal Rights".

WOMEN LAWYERS EXHIBIT The Exhibit of Women Lawyers at the Woman's World's Fair was sponsored by the Woman's Bar Association of Illinois, Miss Pearl M. Hart, President. The following facts were emphasized:

First woman known in the Law, Deborah, Judge of the Israelites. First in judge known

woman

lit

woman

More than 25 women judges of courts of record in the United States. Alta M. Hulett, First admitted to practice law in the State of Illinois, 1872. More than 300 women admitted to practice law in the State of Illinois, 1925.

First Woman Judge in Illinois, Judge Mary M. Bartelme, 1924, in July, 1924, for the first time in the history of Illinois there was a woman judge prosecuting attorney in a court of higher jurisdiction: Judge Mary M. Circuit Bartelme, Juvenile Court, Court of Cook County, and Marie O. Anddresen, Assistant State's Attorney

of Cook County.

What Women Lawyers have done in Cook County:

AMERICAN WOMEN AND MEDICINE The proportion of women among physicians and surgeons, as reported in the U. S. census, is about five per cent. The number of Women students in medical schools declined even more than the number of men during the period of standardization of medical schools; since 1914, however the proportion of women among students and among graduates of medical schools has been steadily gaining; they now form ap

proximately six per cent of medical students and graduates of medical schools. One thousand and thirty women students were enrolled in medical schools in 1923.

It has been rather generally considered that non-surgical gynecology, obstetrics and pediatrics offer the obvious and best field of medicine for women. As they have entered the profession in larger numbers, however, women have specialized in other branches as well,

surgery, psychiatry, roentgenology, laboratory work, teaching of medical sciences. Opthalmology and laryngology have been suggested as suitable specialities for women, though very few have so far undertaken them.

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Enterprises for the prevention diseases have strongly appealed to women physicians; many are engaged in a variety of public health actvities in government department, and in independent organizations devoted to health education and service. Women have made notable contributions to industrial medicine, both in research in the special health problems arising from industrial conditions and as physicians in business establishments. The Medical Women's National Association has conducted notable medical relief work in European countries during the last six years.

It is particularly important that women, who still carry certain handicaps in professional life, should secure the best possible technical training for the medical profession. There are eightythree medical schools in the United States. The Council on Medical Education, a permanent committee of the American Medical Association, has classified these schools on a schedule covering the four general heads of faculty, product, administration and suand pervision, buildings equipment. Class includes sixty-nine schools A which are acceptable, nine of which are not open to women; Class B, five schools which under their present organization give promise of being made acceptable by general improvements; seven schools do not fall into either of these groups and are classed C.

The Association of German Naturalists and Doctors met in 1879. A resolution was presented proposing the exclusion of women from membership. The resolution urged the Association in the most moving terms to emulate the example of their English brethren who had "recently purged the British Medical Association of the presence of women."

Among the distinguished women in medicine may be mentioned Madame Boivin, the famous French midwife and doctor; the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, founder of the New Hospital, London, and of a complete school of medicine for women, president in 1897 of the East Anglican Branch of the British Medical Society; Mary Putnam Jacobi and Mary A. Dixon Jones, celebrated writers on medical subjects; Anita Newcomb McGee, the only woman ever appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon in the United States Army; Christine Ladd Franklin, faculty, Johns Hopkins University; Florence Rena Sabin, anatomist staff, Johns Hopkins Hospital; Alice Hamilton, bacteriologist.. faculty, Harvard University; Martha Wollstein, pathologist, Evangeline Young, authority on eugenics: S. Josephine Baker, authority on child welfare.

Sixty medical schools now admit women. Harvard Medical School, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University and Washington University Medical School in St. Louis were opened to them in 1918. Johns Hopkins and Cornell University Medical Schools have always been open to them. Internship, that essential part of medical education from which women have frequently been shut out in the past, is now required by, practically all of the best schools.

There are now 7,219 women physicians in the country, as against 9,015 in 1910. But these figures do not indicate that fewer women are going into medicine. There has been a proportional decrease in the number of men physicians, due to the more rigid requirements of medical schools and recent laws in a number of states requiring state examination and licensing of all practising physicians.

Whereas the majority of women physicians are carrying on their own practices, a great many are in salaried positions. There are numerous anesthetists, roentgenologists, laboratory experts and psychiatrists. Women's colleges are employing them as resident physicians and instructors in physiology and hygiene. Women instructors in mediwoman cal schools are rare, but one industrial diseases specialists in has been appointed to the faculty of Harvard Medical School. Women frequently serve as medical inspectors in city school systems. Portland, Ore., and Poughkeepsie,, N. Y., have women health officers. Dr. S. Josephine Baker has long been director of the Bureau of Child Hygiene of New York City.

Industrial and commercial medicine have recently opened up to women doctors. In these fields they are promoting health education among employes as well as looking after their physical ills. Some of the insurance companies employ woman medical examiners for women applicants.

The salaries of women physicians are generally higher than those in other professions. "Women Professional Workers" by Katherine Adams gives the following salary ranges: doctors in educational institutions, from $1,600 to $1,800 and maintenance; in state institutions, from $1,600 to $2,600 and maintenance; in research laboratories, from $900 to $3,000.

Medical women have a press of their own in the form of the Medical Woman's Journal, which has been in existence for more than twenty-five years. It is the only journal in the world published in the interest of women physicians and is international in scope and character. It has been a large factor in disseminating the necessary knowledge of the activities of medical women in different parts of the world, there by promoting a greater fraternal feeling This and increasing their usefulness.