entry of her pardon on February 23 there are various remarks upon her, as described in the text.

The trial, sentence, and execution of Barbara Spencer are related in the 'Select Trials' (First Series), vol. i., pp. 40-44, and of Catharine Hayes, vol. iii., pp. 1–23.

Pp. 289-292. cheverell, Dama

Hathaway, Sa

For the case of Hathaway and Sarah Morduck see the 'State Trials,' vol. xiv., col. 639 et seq., where the trial is reprinted from a contemporary report confirmed by records of the Surrey Assises, 1702. Sacheverell's trial upon impeachment is described in the account printed by authority in 1710. Other ree, Woolston. matters relating to him are described in Burnet's History of his Own Time, ii., 537-553. Particulars of the subsequent trial of Damaree for the No Dissent riots are reprinted in the 'State Trials,' vol. xv., 522 et seq. Woolston's case is related in 'Select Trials,' First Series, vol. iii., p. 113.

col.

Pp. 292-294. Evidence con

cerning com

merce, labour, population, &c.

Dr. Davenant, who, when he died in 1714, had been some time Inspector-General of Exports and Imports, wrote various works upon commerce, and showed, from the documents to which he had access, the increased and increasing wealth of the country. See his Discourses on the Public Revenues, vol. i., p. 359 etc., his Report to Commissioners for Stating the Public Accounts, in vol. v. etc. The increase of the population between 1600 and 1750 is given upon the authority of tables drawn up by Mr. Rickman from the Registers of Baptisms and Burials, and published in the Population Abstract for 1841, p. 36.

The statute against forestalling, regrating, and engrossing (in which there is a definition of those offences), is 5 and 6 Ed. VI., c. 14; see also the Judic. Pillor. of uncertain date, (not later than the reign of Edward II.), etc., etc. Instances of prosecution for them appear upon the Controlment Roll 12 Will. III., etc., etc. The Act Touching divers orders of Artificers,' etc., is 5 Eliz., c. 4 (not altered before 53 Geo. III., c. 40), and prosecutions for offences under it are readily to be found on the Controlment Rolls. There exists among the State Papers, Domestic (in the Public Record Office), Geo. II., February 28, 1738, bundle No. 47, an anonymous letter, signed ‘Englishman,' and addressed to Lord Harrington, in which the payment of workmen in kind is made the subject of very bitter complaint.

The mode of appointing inspectors of cloth-mills etc. is regulated by the statute 13 Geo. I., c. 23; c. 24 also contains clauses directed against abuses in the dyeing trade. The stat. 18 Geo. II., c. 24, is directed against frauds in the stamps of linen etc., and c. 25 against other but similar deceptions.

Mention is so frequently made in Luttrell's Brief Relation' of

Pp. 295, 296. Clippers, counterfeiters, &c.

clippers, that it is hardly necessary to refer to particular passages; but see, for example, under January 28, February 18, February 25, March 16, March 21, 1692-93, etc., etc. The statute of 1694, which relates to clippers and their accomplices is 6 and 7 William and Mary, c. 17. For the forgery of Nottingham's writing, the Secretary's seal, etc., etc., see Luttrell, March 11, March 16, 1692–93. For the stock-jobbing and company-mongering schemes between 1692 and 1695, see the 'Angliæ Tutamen' and Anderson's Annals of

Pp. 296-306. Stock-jobbing; the South Sea scheme, and frauds.

Commerce (Macpherson, vol. ii., p. 671). The statute by which the Governor and Company of the Bank of England came into existence is 5 and 6 William and Mary, c. 20, in which the borrowing scheme is fully detailed. The account of the origin and development of the South Sea scheme is from the first South Sea Act of 1711, 9 Anne, c. 15, from the Journals of the Commons, vol. xvii., pp. 222, 224-227, 255, 261–264, etc., from the South Sea Acts, 7 George I., st. 1, cc. 1 and 2, and from the Annals of Commerce, by Anderson, who was a clerk in the South Sea Company (Macpherson's 'Anderson,' vol. iii., pp. 77-114). In the lastnamed work also have been preserved the titles and alleged objects of the bubble companies which appeared in the year 1720, an account of the Welsh Copper Company of the Prince of Wales, and a number of details of the mode of subscription, together with the stories of various men who opened their rooms in the morning, and disappeared with a small fortune in the afternoon.

For the matters brought before the Houses after the explosion of the bubbles, see the Parliamentary History of the period, the Journals of the Lords, vol. xxi., p. 395 et seq., and the Journals of the Commons, vol. xix., pp. 391, 493, 502, and innumerable passages at short intervals afterwards. For the appointment of the Commons' Secret Committee and its report, see the latter volume, p. 401 et seq.

The passage in which Anderson admits the erasures and many other of the iniquities connected with the company of which he was a clerk is in page 112 of the third volume of Macpherson's edition.

Pp. 307-315. Corruption: Trevor, Danby, Duncombe,

Burnet, in his History of his Own Time (ii., 42), gives an account of Trevor's early career, and employment to distribute bribes among members of Parliament. See also Commons' Journals, ix., 713, X., 347. The particulars of the acceptance of a bribe by Trevor himself, and the subsequent action of the House, are to be found in the Commons' Journals, xi., 271-274, in Burnet, ii., 144, and in North's Life of Lord Keeper Guilford, p. 218, where it appears that Trevor continued to be Master of the Rolls.

Montague, Walpole, Sutton, Pelham.

For the career of Danby and the accusations against him see Burnet,

i., 373, 382, 453-455, ii., 4, 145, 155, 280, etc., the Journals of the Lords, vol. xiii., p. 432 et seq., xiv., 7, xv., 580, xvi., 769, and Journals of the Commons, vol. ix., 324-329, 559-629, 708, and vol. xi., 327-332.

Duncombe's exposure and the Bill of Pains and Penalties against him appear in the Commons' Journals, vol. xii., pp. 63-132, and in the Lords' Journals, xvi., 222 et seq. The previous trial and acquittal in the King's Bench are printed in the State Trials,' vol. xiii., 1061 et seq. His accusation against Montague is mentioned also in the Commons' Journals, vol. xii., p. 116. The later accusations of corruption against Charles Montague (Lord Halifax), including that of a corrupt disposal of an auditorship in the Exchequer by him, appear at length in the articles of impeachment (Journals of the Lords, vol. xvi., PP. 743-746).

Robert Walpole's arrangement to secure the reversion of an office for his son appears in the Parliamentary History, vol. vii., p. 460 (May 20, 1717). The report of the Secret Committee upon the last ten years of his administration is in the Journals of the Commons, xxiv., 348. See also the Lords' Journals, vol. xxvi., p. 125 et seq. The affair of Sir Robert Sutton during Walpole's administration is the subject of a report in the Commons' Journals, vol. xxi., 914, &c. Horace Walpole's account of the corruption during his father's tenure of office, and that of Pelham, is from his Memoirs of the Reign of King George II., vol. i., pp. 234-235 (edition of 1847).

P. 315.

Marlborough's treachery, double-dealing, and avarice are indicated in letters printed in Macpherson's 'Original Papers.' His betrayal, when Lord Churchill (1694), of the expedition Marlborough. to Brest, appears among the same papers, vol. i., p. 487.

Pp. 316-321.

The particulars relating to suspected corruption of all the judges are from two broadsides in Lincoln's Inn The judges: Library (date apparently a little after 1715).

Macclesfield &c.

For the corruption, impeachment, and sentence of Macclesfield, see the Journals of the Commons, vol. xx., pp. 408-542, and the Journals of the Lords, vol. xxii., p. 417 et seq. There was still in force at the time of Macclesfield's trial the statute 5 and 6 Edward VI., c. 16, against the sale of offices; and in the opinion of so recent an authority as Lord Chancellor Campbell, Macclesfield's offence came within the meaning of the Act. The two Chief Justices, however, are expressly excepted from its provisions, and a question might be raised whether that could be permitted to them which was forbidden to the Chancellor. That previous Chancellors had done as Macclesfield did is certain, not only from the general character of previous ages, but also from precedents cited at the trial.

The application of the fine inflicted on Macclesfield to defray the claims of injured suitors appears in Sanders's 'Orders in Chancery,' vol. i., pp. 514, 529, etc., as pointed out by Lord Campbell in his 'Lives of the Chancellors.' Macclesfield's order with respect to funds in the hands of Masters is printed in Sanders, i., 465, and the similar order of King, p. 514 et seq. The Acts 12 George I., cc. 32 and 33, were also for the relief of suitors whose property was in Chancery, and who would previously have received no interest on it—perhaps for years. The statute by which it was finally established that judges' commissions should be made 'quamdiu se bene gesserint,' instead of ' quamdiu nobis placuerit,' or 'durante bene placito,' is 12 and 13 Pp. 321-323. Will. III., c. 2. s. 3; and the statute by which it was finally established that written pleadings should be in English is 4 Geo. II., c. 26, amended with respect to the titles of writs etc. by 6 Geo. II., c. 14. The rolls of the various courts show how the change was carried out.

Pp. 323-324.

P. 324.

The statute of William III., ' For Regulating of Trials in Cases of Treason' is 7 and 8 Will. III., c. 3.

For particulars of the attainder of Fenwick, see Commons' Journals, vol. xi., pp. 579–657, and Lords' Journals, vol. xvi., p. 19 et seq., and the detailed account of the proceedings published in 1696.

Pp. 325-327. Fenwick, Charnock, the Pre

tender, &c.

Of the case of Charnock, King, and Keyes, there is an account in the State Trials,' vol. xii., 1377, etc.

The Acts for imprisoning Counter, Bernardi, and others, are 9 William III., c. 4, and 10 William III., c. 19 [13]. See Statutes of the Realm.

The Act of Attainder against the pretended Prince of Wales,' is 13 and 14 William III., c. 3.

The impeachment of Bolingbroke appears upon the Commons' Journals, vol. xviii., pp. 166, 253-261, and the Bill of Attainder against him, xviii., 261; the Act is 1 George I., st. 2, c. 16. The proceedings upon the impeachment of Oxford (remarkable for the technical questions raised upon them) are in the Journals of the Commons, vol. xviii., pp. 166, 216-324, 570-616, and the impeachment of Strafford, vol. xviii., 183, 294, etc., and Lords' Journals, vol. xx.

Pp. 328-330. Touching the punishments after the Rebellion of 1715 &c.

The impeachments of Derwentwater, Kenmure, and the other lords, will be found in the Journals of the Commons, vol. xviii., pp. 330-371, and the execution of the two in Tindal's 'Continuation of Rapin,' vol. iv., p. 487. The records of the trials of the inferior rebels have been preserved in the 'Baga de Secretis,' Pouch lxvi. (Calendar D. K. 5 Rep., App. ii., pp. 153-167), from which and from Tindal, iv., 485, 497, 501-503, the particulars of the manner in which they were

treated have been extracted. The Act of Grace is 3 George I., c. 19. An Act relating to transportation passed about this time is 4 George I.,

C. II.

Pp. 330-334.

Touching the after the Rebel

The atrocities perpetrated after the Battle of Culloden, are placed above all doubt by various letters existing among the State Papers (Domestic) 1746. The letter of the Duke of Cumberland in which he depreciates the British troops, and makes his joke about blood-letting is addressed to the Duke of Newcastle, and the passages mentioned in the text have been printed in Coxe's 'Memoirs of the Pelham Administration,' vol. i., pp. 302-303.

punishments

lion of 1745 &c.

'Horace Walpole's Letters' (Cunningham's Edition) have been used in the following order :-for the statement that popularity had changed sides, vol. ii., p. 50; for the suggestion that Cumberland should be made free of the Butchers' Company, and for his bloodthirstiness in general, p. 43; for the wish of Cumberland to give a ball to 'Peggy Banks' on the day on which sentence was passed on the rebel lords, p. 44; for the day on which that ball was actually given, p. 47; for the 'new heads' at Temple Bar, and the spying-glasses to look at them, p. 50.

The conditional Act of Attainder against rebels who had escaped is 19 Geo. II., c. 26. The Act of General Pardon is 20 Geo. II., c. 52. The overcrowding of prisons with rebel prisoners of which not a little complaint was made in some letters of the time, receives its best confirmation in the 'Baga de Secretis,' where the long lists of the prisoners have been preserved (Bundle lxix. calend. 'Fifth Report of the Deputy Keeper of Public Records,' Appendix ii., pp. 171–195).

The Act which abolished the private jurisdictions of the Scottish chiefs is 22 Geo. II., c. 43, S. I. The Act by which the two kingdoms and the two Parliaments of England and Scotland had previously been united, is 6 Anne, c. 11.

P. 334

The statutes 4 Anne, c. 17 (4 & 5 Anne, c. 4, in Statutes of the Realm) and 5 Anne, c. 22, relate to fraudulent bankrupts. The forgery of certain stamps was made felony by various statutes

Pp. 334-335.

to new offences.

from 5 & 6 Will. and Mary, c. 21, s. 11, downwards; that Statutes relating of the Bank Seal and Bank Notes by 8 & 9 Will. III., c. 20, s. 36, and 11 Geo. I., c. 9, s. 6; that of Exchequer Bills by various Acts from 7 & 8 Will. III., c. 31, s. 36, downwards; that of the signatures of proprietors of stock, by 8 Geo. I., c. 22; that of annuity orders, by 9 Geo. I., c. 12; that of East India and South Sea bonds, by 12 Geo. I., c. 32; that of acceptances of Bills of Exchange, by 7 Geo. II., c. 22; and that of deeds in general, by 2 Geo. II., c. 25.

TT 2