Two conclusions for the elevation of public policy in the remainder of the

Ragan administration are indicated.

First, progress in superpower tension management cannot be achieved without changes in mutual perceptions and more educated publics on both sides. The pace with which cooperative agreements enter public consciousness is notoriously sluggish; the extent to which they affect overall official at: tudes is virtually imperceptible. Viewed from an American perspective, scholarship which presents a multi-dimensional and balanced picture of superpower relations--not ignoring antagonisms but including also cooperative successes--would serve to counter distorted images which have bedeviled relations for so long. What is called for is that superpower relations which are cooperative (as opposed to purely conflictual) be better monitored, better analyzed, better understood, better explained, better recorded, and better reported.

Second, assuming that the public policy arena has three important actors--policymaker, scholar, and public--balanced scholarship must address a wider audience. Policymakers, obviously most critical in changing attitudes toward the USSR, have conventionally been prime subjects. But access to foreign policy formulation is hardly simple, as one astute and respected Washington Sovietologist has noted:

Naturally, that the Soviet empire has changed has not gone unnoticed by
U.S. and West European analysts. Yet they tend to become preoccupied with
various specific aspects of this process at the expense of creating a com-
prehensive picture. Even more serious, particularly under the Reagan admin-
istration, is the lack of any systematic links between scholarly analyses
of the Soviet Union and U.S. policy toward this rival superpower.

Meager access to policymaking in the triangular relationships among policymaker, public, and scholar necessitates that the academic community reach out more boldly to political leaders and in addition present research findings more vigorously to create a concerned, informed, and active citizenry on war and peace issues. A truer understanding of Kremlin policies depends on easing toward more objective analysis, delineating Soviet successes as well as failures, weaknesses as well as strengths, vulnerabilities as well as threats, and opportunities as well as intractable differences with the United States. Without a more realistic and contemporary

understanding of Soviet domestic and international behavior, plus a concerted and practical scholarly outreach to the American public, more enlightened national policies are not very likely.

National security adviser Robert McFarlane's speech in Santa Barbara on August 19, 1985 served notice that fundamental changes in U.S.-Soviet relations cannot be expected unless the Soviets show greater regard for human rights and democratic values cherished in the West. Such an approach allows for no optimism, because the Soviets have never been philanthropic about modifying their Communist system to conform with American preferences. It follows that confidence-building must depend more and more upon intelligent, responsible, and invigorated public participation in the international superpower relationship that has already stamped the destiny of this century with awesome probabilities.

A more balanced understanding of U.S.-Soviet relations cannot, of course, assure a stable peace, wind down the arms race, or preclude regional conflicts which have motivations and dynamics of their own. None of the mutually beneficial agreements illuminated above can substitute for substantive verifiable arms control

agreements.

Yet publics and official decisionmakers on both sides are bound to

see more rationally the interdependent security relationship if--and the key is if-the cooperative side with mutual benefits is allowed to work benignly on outmoded ideologies, irrelevant stereotypes, and demonologies years in the making. The time has never been more opportune.

Notes

1

"The Mirror Image in Soviet-American Relations: A Social Psycholog st's Report," "The Journal of Social Issues, Vol. XVII, No. 3, 1961, pp. 45-46.

2

Marshall D. Shulman, "What the Russians Really Want," Harper's Macarine (April, 1984).

3

Morton Deutsch, "Undoing Nuclear Insanity: A Psychological Perspective," unpublished paper, Washington, D.C., March 8, 1985, p. 1.

5 See for example the following selection of policy statements, U.S. Department

of State, Bureau of Public Affairs: Deputy Secretary of State Kenneth W. Dam, "Chailenges of U.S.-Soviet Relations at the 50-Year Mark, October 31, 1983; President Ronald Reagan, "The U.S.-Soviet Relationship," January 16, 1984; Secretary of State George Shultz, "Managing the U.S.-Soviet Relationship Over the Long Term," October 18, 1984; "A Forward Look at Foreign Policy, October 19, 1984; and "The Future of American Foreign Policy: New Realities and New Ways of Thinking," January 31, 1985; Special Adviser Paul H. Nitze, "On the Road to a More Stable Peace," February 20, 1985; and Robert L. McFarlane, "U.S.-Soviet Relations in the Late 20th Century," August 19, 1985.

6

For a comprehensive analysis of these agreements, see Nish Jamgotch Jr. (ed.) Sectors of Mutual Benefit in U.S.-Soviet Relations (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1985).

9

"Three Nations Agree on Civil Aircraft Safety Measures," News, U. S. Department of Transportation, July 30, 1985.

10

11

New York Times, June 19, 1985.

Barry M. Blechman (ed.), Preventing Nuclear War: A Realistic Approach (Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press, 1985), esp. pp. 1-6.

12

Dimitri K. Simes, "The New Soviet Challenge," Foreign Policy, No. 55 (Summer, 1984), P. 113.

APPENDIX 4

BIOGRAPHIES OF WITNESSES

LEON M. LEDERMAN

Lederman, Leon Max, b NY, July 15, 22; m 81; c 3. Nuclear Physics. Educ; City Col New York, BS, 43; Columbia Univ, AM, 50, PhD (physics), 51. Prof. Exp: Assoc, 51-52, from asst prof to assoc prof, 52-58, Prof Physics, Columbia Univ, 58—, Dir. NEVIS-LABS, 68 Concurrent Pos: Guggenheim fel, 58-59; mem bd trustees, Univs Res Asn. 66-69; NSF sr fel, 67; mem high energy physics adv panel, Atomic Energy Comn, 67-70. Honors & Awards: Nat Medal of Sci, 65. Mem: Nat Acad Sci; Am Phys Soc. Res: Properties and interactions of elementary particles. Most recent pub., The Value of Fundamental Science pub. Scientific American, Nov 84, Vol 251, No 5.

Name: Reginald D. Noble.

REGINALD D. NOBLE

Date of Birth: November 15, 1935.

Place of Birth: Huntington, WV.

Home Address: 1029 Melrose Street, Bowling Green, OH 43402.

SSN: 232-56-3383

Marital Status: Married

Children: Three sons

Telephone: (419) 352-5377 (home); (419) 372-2332 (office).

A. Degrees

ACADEMIC DEGREES AND POSITIONS

1. A.B., Marshall University, 1957, Biology.

2. M.A., Marshall University, 1960, Physical Science.

3. Ph.D., The Ohio State University, 1969, Botany/Plant Physiology.

B. Current Position

1. Teaching Appointment

a. Professor & Chair, Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, 1980-.

2. Research Appointments

a. Academic Year Institute, The Ohio State University, 1961-62.

b. NSF Science Faculty Fellow, Botany Department, The Ohio State University, 1967–68.

c. U.S.D.A. Visiting Scien tist, 1978-79.

RESEARCH CONSULTANTSHIPS

Consultant for the following publishers as a major reviewer of introductory texts and proposal evaluator: Wm. C. Brown Publishing Co.; Harper and Row Publishing Co.; John Wiley Publishing Co.; and, Prentice-Hall Publishing Co.

Other: USDA Forest Service; Wood County Public Health; H.J. Heinz Co.; Continental Supply Company; and Campbell Soup Co.

RECENT PROFESSIONAL SERVICE

Chair Elect, Midwestern Section of the American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1982-83.

Chair, Midwestern Section of the American Society of Plant Physiologists, 19831984.

The Ohio Air Conservation Commission, 1984-.

Ohio Biological Survey Advisory Board, 1985-.

University rep to International Research Exchange Board, 1984-present.

FRANK PRESS

Frank Press, president of the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., has advised four presidents on scientific issues and has made pioneering contributions in several fields. He has been named most influential American scientist in annual surveys by U.S. News and World Report three times, most recently in 1985.

He is recognized internationally for his study of the sea floor and the earth's crust and deep interior. He has also made contributions in geophysics, oceanography, lunar and planetary sciences and natural resource exploration.

Press helped bring about the International Geophysical Year, the first worldwide attempt to measure and map various geophysical phenomena. As a result of the decade-long international explorations of Antarctica and the oceans, Mt. Press in Antarctica was named after him.

In 1977, Press was appointed President Carter's science adviser and director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. He served on science advisory committees during the Kennedy and Ford administrations and was appointed by President Nixon to the National Science Board, the policy-making body of the National Science Foundation.

Press participated in bilateral science agreement negotiations with China and the Soviet Union and was a member of the U.S. delegation to the nuclear test ban negotiations in Geneva and Moscow.

Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1924, Press graduated from City College of New York with a degree in physics and received advanced degrees from Columbia University. He joined Columbia's faculty in 1952 and three years later was appointed professor of geophysics at the California Institute of Technology. He joined Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1965. In 1981, Press was named Institute Professor at MIT, a title reserved for scholars of special distinction.

He is the author of 160 scientific papers and co-author of the textbook Earth, widely used in American and foreign universities.

GLENN E. SCHWEITZER, DIRECTOR, SOVIET AND East European Affairs, National ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, WASHINGTON, DC

Glenn E. Schweitzer is the Director of Soviet and East European Affairs in the Office of International Affairs of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council. In this capacity he is responsible for the implementation of bilateral scientific exhange programs with eight countries and for the development of a program of policy studies directed to key issues in the scientific and technical relationships between the United States and these countries.

Prior to joining the National Academy of Sciences, Mr. Schweitzer was Director of EPA's Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory in Las Vegas, Nevada, for five years. Previously, as Director of EPA's Office of Toxic Substances during the mid-1970s, he was one of the principal architects of the Toxic Substances Control Act.

Mr. Schweitzer's extensive experience in international scientific affairs includes service as the first Science Attaché at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow and as the Director of AID's Office of Science and Technology. Also, he has served at the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade and has been a delegate to meetings of many international organizations.

Mr. Schweitzer received a B.S. degree from the U.S. Military Academy and an M.S. degree from the California Institute of Technology. He has many publications in the environmental sciences. He is currently a Woodrow Wilson Visiting Fellow at liberal arts colleges, a consultant to the World Bank, and an adjunct professor at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas.

Name: Martha Vaughan.

MARTHA VAUGHAN

Date and Place of Birth: August 4, 1926; Dodgeville, Wisconsin.
Marital Status: Married, 3 children.

Education: 1944, Ph.B., University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; 1949, M.D., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.

Bibliography: Dr. Vaughan's publications include 143 scientific papers published in critically reviewed journals and an additional 63 articles, reviews or chapters in books. More than half of these contributions have appeared within the last 10 years.

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