woman.

Differing somewhat from the demonstrator in skill and conditions of work, though sometimes also called a demonstrator, is the trade technician. She may be called also a special representative, or manufacturer's agent. She works with buyers of cosmetics for stores or shops, including shop owners, largely on a wholesale basis. The importance of such an occupation is indicated in the new products continually being put on the market by the billion-dollar-a-year cosmetics industry. Such a worker must be well acquainted with the beauty field and be effective as a salesThe manufacturer usually requires that she have a beauty operator's license, because the technician deals to a large extent with people trained in the trade. As in the case of the saleswoman and the demonstrator, the company gives the trade technician a detailed course of training to familiarize her fully with the line of products she is to sell. Usually the trade technician is assigned to a definite territory. She travels throughout this territory, revisiting from time to time the beauty shops and stores in her area to increase sales, introduce new products, and develop new outlets for the company's business. One such worker, for example, covers seven States for a manufacturer. She is a college graduate with business training, as well as an experienced beauty operator.

The worker in this occupation is likely to have irregular working hours. She may visit stores and shops by day and attend conferences by night. She receives a good salary; the company pays her traveling expenses; and she is given a commission on sales.

Such jobs may open a considerable vista of opportunity for the able woman. She advises retailers on the lines of stock needed in the store or shop. She may train classes of sales girls in a retail store, or a group of beauticians in large beauty shops, in the use of her employer's products. For this type of work the State may require a beauty teacher's license. She may organize trade shows, prepare exhibits for the company, attend trade conferences, and give demonstrations. She She may have opportunity to go to a foreign country to introduce the products of her firm.

Trade technicians or special representatives may also sell new equipment rather than cosmetic products alone. After the sale is made, such a worker may be present at the installation of the new equipment or on receipt of the supplies, to see that their use has a smooth start. If complaints should arise, they will be referred to her for investigation.

For example, a woman now a successful teacher in beau、y-culture classes in a public vocational school in the East formerly was a trade technician with an electric company, selling equipment to beauty shops. She demonstrated the apparatus at the different shops in her area, and after sales were made she visited the shops to give instructions on the use of the mechanism.

TEACHING COSMETOLOGY.-Opportunities in teaching beauty culture have increased, as States have gradually raised the standards for the

training of beauty operators. are in demand to conduct cosmetology classes in both public and private schools. State requirements for teaching in this field are discussed in chapter III.

Teachers who are experienced beauticians

Teachers of cosmetology, whether in public vocational or private beauty schools, teach the skills involved in hairdressing, haircutting, and other arts of the beautician, and supervise the practice work. In a public vocational school the students have other teachers for the academic work in English, arithmetic, and science. In a private beauty school, if such courses are offered, the cosmetology teacher may be expected to teach some of them.

Teachers in public vocational schools receive a regular salary under an annual contract and are not affected by seasonal slumps or rush periods. They have the status of a teacher in the community. In some places the public school system protects the tenure of employment of teachers who meet certain requirements. Another attractive feature-retirement funds for teachers are provided by many public school systems. Large communities also may need the services of a substitute teacher in beauty culture-a good part-time job for a married beautician.

In the private beauty-culture school, besides the general teaching staff, teachers may be employed for such specialties as hair styling, hair coloring, hair curling, and make-up services. They are more highly paid than the general teachers. They also may work on a part-time basis. Most private schools operate throughout the year, but they may permit teachers to have 2 or 3 weeks of vacation with pay. Some encourage continuous service by paying a bonus-a percentage of the annual salary. Teachers in private schools may be expected to teach in night school, but their total hours of work usually do not exceed 40 a week.

Large private schools may have a supervisor similar to the public school department head who plans the program and oversees the work of teachers. They may have a managing director to handle the financial business of the school and purchase supplies. Such employees must have executive ability and a number of years of practical experience in the industry and usually some management training.

In a private school the position of registrar is of great importance and includes a wide range of duties. The registrar must answer the inquiries of applicants as to available courses and carry on correspondence for the school. Her activities are an important feature in the promotion and success of the school, and require a broad knowledge of beauty culture work and opportunities. She is responsible for all records and statistics on attendance. She also aids in the placement of graduates.

Make-up for stage, screen or TELEVISION.—Although many makeup artists are not trained beauticians, some beauty operators are employed in the recreation and amusement field, assisting actors and ac

tresses to prepare for stage productions or for television and motionpicture work. Make-up artists apply cosmetics to the face and sometimes dress the hair in a style appropriate to the character being portrayed. The effect of artificial lighting is necessarily taken into consideration in this type of work, and techniques differ considerably for stage and television. An imaginative beautician interested in make-up may work with a photographic studio.

As the name implies, the body make-up woman assists actors and actresses by applying cosmetics to other parts of the body to match the facial cosmetics in color tone and texture.

TESTING NEW BEAUTY AIDS. -A special type of research laboratory assistant serves as a liaison between the laboratory, where products are developed, and other departments where they are tested in practical use. For example, one experienced beautician worked for a period of years in the laboratory of an electrical company, aiding in the manufacture of electrical equipment for use in beauty shops by testing the products in practical use. Thus, she carried on experimental work in perfecting the machines.

A 40-hour week is customary in this type of work. The standard of pay depends largely on the special job requirements and the expertness of the individual.

The laboratory worker may devise original tests for new products. This is a challenging field of work, necessitating keen observation and good judgment in evaluating results. Careful and complete records of procedures must be kept, and the ability to write clear and accurate reports of the tests and the accomplishments is essential. Outstanding research workers sometimes write papers on experiments for presentation to scientific or professional societies or for publication in scientific journals.

WRITING ON BEAUTY SUBJECTS.-There is a wide field for writers on beauty culture. Not only do research workers write on this subject as a part of their work, but some beauticians who are good writers prepare articles for trade journals or other publications. The writing field for beauty operators includes both editorial comment and promotional writing. A beauty-culture magazine may employ an editor and possibly an editorial assistant to prepare articles for the journal. In addition, independent or free-lance writers may prepare articles for sale to publishers. ADMINISTERING STATE BEAUTY-CULTURE REGULATIONS.-Almost all States have boards of cosmetology, the only exceptions being Delaware and Virginia. The State boards generally are composed of from three to five persons, usually with considerable experience in the trade. In about three-fourths of the States board members are appointed directly by the governor; the remainder are under a department in the State, such as public health or education. (For a list of State boards, see appendix, p. 41.)

The board conducts examinations and grants licenses for all types of operation in the field of beauty culture, supervises inspections of beauty shops to be sure that all operators are licensed and that regulations are observed, and approves beauty-culture schools. Questions on qualifications for license, time of examination, available schools, and pertinent labor laws should be directed to the State board of cosmetology.

The chairman of the board sometimes is a full-time employee, or the board may employ a full-time secretary. Other board members, possibly physicians, beauty-shop owners, or others competent in this field, usually are paid on a per diem basis. In some cases it is provided that no person connected with a beauty school may serve on the board. Sometimes State regulations require that the part-time members must devote at least a minimum number of days a year to the work.

To aid in enforcing laws applying to beauty shops, most States employ full-time inspectors who are experienced beauticians, and usually assign them to particular areas. The inspectors visit the beauty shops in the area a specified number of times during the year, make certain that every operator has a valid license on display; inspect sanitary conditions in the shop; and report to the cosmetology board whether all laws relating to beauty shops are being observed. The expense of travel and other legitimate disbursements are paid in addition to salaries.

State cosmetology boards have examiners to prepare and administer the periodic examinations given for operators and evaluate the results. Fre- . quently, the examiners are teachers from public or private beauty schools who supervise the written part of the test, and practicing beauticians who test practical skills. They are employed for only short periods in the year, and are paid by the day.

III. PREPARING FOR BEAUTY OCCUPATIONS

Preliminary Education

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The majority of the States have minimum educational requirements for the student who wants to take a beauty-school course. In almost a third of the States the cosmetology boards require completion of at least the tenth grade, and in two of these the prospective student must be a high-school graduate. Most of the remaining States require completion of the eighth grade.

However, girls considering careers as beauty operators are strongly advised to complete high school. Many employers prefer workers who are high-school graduates. If a beautician later wishes to become a teacher in a beauty school, she may find that a high-school certificate is required for instructors. If a beauty operator later decides to open her own shop, she will be at a disadvantage without a high-school education. With beauty occupations in mind, a girl should take courses in chemistry, English, commercial arithmetic, biology or physiology, and, if possible, health education.

Training in Beauty-Culture Schools

The girl planning to become a beautician should make certain that she prepares herself with a well-rounded course in an approved beauty-culture school. Before choosing a school, she should consult her high-school counselor or some other qualified source, such as the State department of education or the State board of cosmetology.

Courses in cosmetology are offered free by public vocational schools and on a tuition basis by private schools. In 1955 some 1,100 schools in large and small communities throughout the country offered cosmetology

courses.

Usual requirements, in addition to the minimum education mentioned, include an age minimum, a health certificate, and a blood test. This means that in most States the applicant must be at least 16 years of age. As the educational standards in cosmetology become higher, the specifications on entry age will become less important-a girl with adequate schooling will be mature enough to give a satisfactory performance in the schoolroom and practice classes.

In 1955, reports

BEAUTY TRAINING IN PUBLIC VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS. from 33 States show 178 public vocational schools providing training for

Where States are cited in this report, this general term includes the District of Columbia, and Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The total is 52; 50 have laws requiring the licensing of beautyshop operators.

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