Epochs and episodes of history

CONTENTS.

A Field-Night in the Commons-Important Question--
Rumoured change of Policy-Repeated Surprises-
A Lion in the Path-Protection in England-The Corn
Laws and their Introduction-Remonstrances of the
People How Received-Protection to British Sailors
and Shipping: How it Worked-Scarcity and its
Effects-First Efforts against the Corn Laws-Esta-
blishment of the Anti-Corn-Law League-The Free
Traders in and out of Parliament-The Penny Post
an Auxiliary to Free Trade-A Pair of Friends-
Richard Cobden and his Career-Mr. John Bright--
The Melbourne Government; Its Apathy and its Fall-
Erection of the Free Trade Hall in Manchester-In-
dications of Change-The Queen's Speech of 1841 and
its Forecast-Sir Robert Peel-Lord George Bentinck
and the "Stable Mind" Peel's Reservation of
Freedom of Action concerning the Corn Laws-Lord
John Russell-Enlarged Operations of the League;
The first Free Trade Bazaar; Its Brilliant Success--
Deputations of Free Traders to Parliament;-The
Question pressed upon the House of Commons-Cob-
den's Appeal to the Prime Minister-Dismay of the
Protectionists-The Heat of the Battle-Zeal and
Activity of the League-Important Recruits to the
Free Trade Ranks-The Condition of the British
Labourer-Remedies Proposed- Mr. Bright's De-
scription of the Peasant's Lot-The Irish Famine-
Triumph of Free Trade-Famine forcing Peel's Hand
-Summary and Conclusion.

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS.

The Crusaders in Sight of Jerusalem-Cruelties In-

flicted on Pilgrims to the Holy Land-Appeal of

Peter the Hermit-Europe Roused to a Crusade-

Capture of Antioch and Massacre by the Crusaders

Siege and Storming of Jerusalem-Horrible Slaughter

by Godfrey of Bouillon and his Followers-Wor-

shipping in the Church of the Sepulchre--The Latin

Kingdom-Origin of the Hospitallers and Templars-

The Knighthood of the Temple of Solomon-Insti-

tution of the Order of the Knights Templars, and

Rules drawn up by Bernard-Visit of the First Grand

Master to England-Rapid development and Enor-

mous Possessions of the Order-Battles in Palestine-

Noureddin and Saladin-The Last Crusade-The

Siege of Acre-Persecutions in England and France

-Tortures and Executions-Heroic Conduct of the

Knights-Horrible Accusations-Suppression of the

Order and Confiscation of the Possessions.

INDIA'S AGONY.

A Terrible Example-The "Company's" India; Con-

quest and Misrule - Shaking the Pagoda-tree

Mutinies of the Last Century-A Danger Disre-

garded-Sir Charles Napier's Opinion-A Policy of

Annexation- The First Outbreak - The Greased

Cartridges-Meerut-Delhi and the Great Mogul-

Spread of the Mutiny-Prompt Action of Lord Can-

ning-The Two Lawrences and Outram-Mean Meer

-General Anson- Successive Commanders- Delhi

Retaken-Hodson and the Family of the Mogul-

Nana Sahib of Bithoor-Cawnpore-The Massacre

on the Ganges-The Turn of the Tide-Vengeance

of Nana Sahib-Struggle in Oudh-Havelock and

Outram-Lucknow-Sir Colin Campbell-Slaughter

of the Rebels" Lucknow" Kavanagh-Final Throes

of the Mutiny-Bareilly-Transfer of India to the

English Government-End of the East India Company.

PAGE

THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND.

A Typical Life-A Cambridge Fellow-Black Joan-Re

sult of a Supper Party--An Aged Martyr--Origin of

the Revolution-Langland and the Lollards -Burning

of Cobham--Printing Press-Dean Colet-The New

Learning-The Christian Brethren-Squire Tracy's

Will-Passion and Pope-Wolsey's Fall and Prophecy

- Its Progress-Henry's Divorce-A Married Priest as

Archbishop--Sir Thomas More-England governed

by a Blacksmith's Son--A Memorable Parliament-

Head of the English Church-The Black Book-Fall

of the Monasteries-Captain Cobbler Pilgrimage of

Grace--John Frith, the Genuine Martyr-The First

English Confessions of Faith-English Bible in the

Churches - Whip of Six Strings- Martyrdom of

Lambert and Anne Askew-Progress of Edward's

Reign--Book of Common Prayer-Catholic Reaction

-The Inquisition-Sir John Cheke-The Martyrs

Regers, Hooper, Latimer, etc.-Smithfield-Protes-

tant Recovery-Cecil and Parker-Catholic Attempts

-The Thirty-nine Articles.

OUT IN THE FORTY-FIVE

The Stuarts at St. Germains and in Italy--The “Old

Pretender" in Italy-His Matrimonial Difficulties-

"My Dear Clementina "-The so-called Prince of

Wales and Duke of York-Their Love of Music-

Prince Charles Edward at the Siege of Gaeta--French

Encouragement to an Expedition-Collection of a

Force at Dunkirk--The Condition of the Scottish

Highlands- Paying for Peace-The Clan Act-

Jacobite Agents-Departure of the Prince for France,

and Narrow Escape In Hiding at Gravelines The

Expedition to Scotland-Reception by the Highlan-

ders-Personal Influence-" Bonnie Prince Charlie

-At Athol, Linlithgow, and Holyrood-The Battle

of Prestonpans-Over the Border To Derby and

Back Again-Fatal Culloden-The "Butcher Cum-

berland"-A Fugitive- Flora Macdonald-Escape to

France- Incognito Visits to England - Death at

Florence.

WILKES AND LIBERTY.

A Great Diplomatist and an Important Meeting--John

Wilkes, the Best-abused Public Man of his Time-

State of Affairs at the Death of George II.-The New

King; His Ideas of Royal Prerogative-A King's

Favourite; A Singular Prime Minister-A Lesson to

Royalty-The Minister and his Novel Policy-A

Government Press-The Briton and the Auditor-

Wilkes and his Early Career; The Medmenham

Monks The North Briton; The Famous Forty-fifth

Number General Warrant-Wilkes committed to

the Tower-Liberation of Wilkes; His First Triumph

-Churchill -- Lord Temple-Successful Actions-

Personal Animosity of the King; Prosecution for a

Profligate Book- Culprit and Accusers-" Jemmy

Twitcher"-A Duel-Expulsion from Parliament-

Public Agitation - Rockingham Administration

Middlesex Elections- Wilkes a Popular Hero-Perse-

cution and its Consequences-Important Question-

Freedom of Election-Release of Wilkes-His Return

and Triumphs-His Last Years-Conclusion.

PAGE

Return to Paris in 1848-Louis Napoleon, President

--The Oath-"The Nephew of his Uncle"-Bidding

St. Arnaud-Preparations for Striking the Blow; the

Army The Proclamation of December 2nd-Seizure

of Political Chiefs-The Army in Paris-Forcible

Closing of the Assembly-Arrest of Members--Closing

of the High Court of Justice-The Assembly carried

away Captive-State of Paris; Discouragement;

Committee of Resistance-Failure of the Struggle-

Proceedings of the Government-The Cavalry Charge

-The Massacre on the Boulevards-Details-Slaugh-

ter of Non-Combatants-Success of the Coup d'Etat

-Plebiscite-Testimony of an Impartial Witness-

Public Feeling in England.

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Russia in 1852-The Emperor Nicholas; His Power

and Prosperity-The Czar and Sir Hamilton Seymour

-Taking an Observation--Montenegro--The Czar's

Protectorate-Mentschikoff's Mission-War between

Russia and Turkey-Anglo-French Alliance for the

Protection of the Porte-Omar Pasha and Oltenitza

--Sinope-Commencement of the Crimean War-The

Allied Forces and their Commanders: Raglan, St.

Arnaud, Dundas, Lyons-Defeat of Russians on the

Danube Silistria and Giurgevo - The English,

French, and Turkish Armies at Gallipoli and Varna

-Invasion of the Crimea-Landing at Eupatoria-

March towards Sebastopol-The Battle of the Alma

March upon Balaclava-First Attack on Sebastopol

-Battle of Balaclava-Charge of the Light Brigade-

Newspaper Correspondents-Mr. Russell of "The

Times"- Battle of Inkermann - Soldiership and

Generalship-A Terrible Winter-An unexpected

Event-The Baltic Fleet-Bomarsund and Hango-

The Black Sea Flect-Yenikale-Operations of 1855

-The 18th of June-Renewed Efforts, and Fall of

Sebastopol-Conclusion.

113

129

. 145

How the Bubble Rose-The South Sea Company-The

Bait held out--John Law in France The Mississippi

Scheme-Excitement in Paris-Excesses and Specu

lations-Failure of the Mississippi Scheme-Fate of

Law Reverses-Plan to Pay the English National

Debt-The Bank and the South Sea Company-

Passing of the Bill-The Race for Wealth-A Cloud

of Bubbles-The South Sea Scheme in excelsis-The

Beginning of the End-Fraud-A Falling off-Ruin

and Retribution-Nemesis.

WHAT CAME OF A "NO POPERY" CRY

A Vast Meeting in St. George's Fields-Lord George

Gordon-Other "Trojans "-Catholic Relief Bill,

1778-The London Protestant Association-Coach-

maker's Hall-The Mob in Palace Yard; Their

Behaviour-Peers and Bishops Assaulted-Scenes in

the Commons-Gordon Threatened-Friday Night-

Chapels Attacked-Saturday's Grim Repose-Proba-

ble Influence of the Weather-Sunday- Riot in

Moorfields-Monday--Three Divisions of the Mob

-Savile House Gutted-Edmund Burke the States-

man-Tuesday-Scenes at the House —“ Jemmy

Twitcher"-Burning of Newgate-Richard Hyde

and Barnaby Rudge-Burning of Mansfield's House

-Clerkenwell Prison-Black Wednesday-Flight of

Catholics-Dr. Johnson's Stroll-Langdale's Dis-

tillery Burned-The Prisons Fired--Attacks on the

Bank-London under Martial Law-Edward Dennis

alias Jack Ketch-Thursday-After the Carnival-

Trial of Lord George Gordon.

161

A Troublous Period-King David and Edward Balliol

-The Douglas Family-Accession of the Stuarts;

Chevy Chase-James I., the Royal Poet-James II.;

A Turbulent Vassal-James III.; Archibald Bell-the-

Cat-James IV.; Happy Auspices Unfulfilled-The

Barton Family-A Gallant Fight-Causes of Quarrel

between England and Scotland-Vigorous Measures

of the Scottish King-A Medieval Story-How

James IV. prepared for War-Obstinacy of the

King The War Continued-The Opponent of

James Position of the Armies-Letter of Surrey to

King James-The Plan of the Battle-The Battle of

Flodden-The Decisive Moment; Death of the

King-Disastrous Nature of the Defeat-Alexander

Stewart, Archbishop of St. Andrews; Scotland's Day

of Sorrow-Conclusion.

THE PENNY NEWSPAPER

The Most Wonderful Pennyworth in the World-How

did our Ancestors Exist when Newspapers were Few?

--London News in the Country Parts-The Father of

English Journalism-Nathaniel Butter Laughed at

by Ben Jonson and Fletcher-Royalist and Parlia-

mentary Mercuries"-Origin of the London Gazette

-Addison Reproving Newsmongery-An Unintended

Prediction-Present Number of Local Papers-Im-

position of a Stamp Duty-The Oldest Existing

Journals Birth and Growth of the Times- A Taxed

and Dear Press-A Time of Poverty and Discontent

-Defying and Evading the Law-Carpenter and

Hetherington- Prosecutions and Imprisonments

"Pelham to the Rescue-A Suggestion of Cheap

Postage-Parliamentary Work-Mr. Ewart, Mr. Mil-

ner, Mr. Gibson, and the Select Committee-Resolute

Attacks on "the Taxes on Knowledge "-Opposition

to the Publication of the Stamp Returns-Chambers'

Historical Newspaper, and Dickens's Household

Narrative-The Railway Mania and Mushroom

Journalism-Total Abolition of the Imposts-First

Appearance of the Daily Telegraph-The Penny and

Halfpenny Press.

Napoleon I. becomes Ruler of Elba-Description of the

Island-A great King and a Small Empire-Activity

and Prosperity in the Island-The Emperor's Plans

of Improvement-Want of Good Faith towards him-

His Pension-Errors of the Bourbon Government in

France-Demands of the Emigrés-Priestcraft and

Intolerance The Emperor's Return to France.

Flight of the Imperial Eagle to Paris and the Tuil-

eries-The Government and the Army-Attachment

of the Troops to Napoleon-Flight of the Bourbons-

Plan of the Campaign of 1815-The Duke of Wel-

lington and Marshal Blücher-Active Operations-

The Historical Ball at Brussels-Battles of Ligny and

and Quatre Bras--Retreat and New Position South

of Waterloo-The Great Battle-Incidents of the Day

-A Defensive Position-The Issue of the Conflict-

End of the Vanquished Conqueror's Career.

193

209

• 225

3COTLAND'S GREAT VICTORY

Introduction-Britons, English, Picts, Scots.-Scotland,

Edinburgh- A Glance at the early Scottish Kings-

The English Connection begins-Want of Unity of

Races in Scotland-Wars with England, Battle of the

Standard-The King of Scotland becomes the King

of England's Vassal--Progress in Wealth-A Heavy

Trouble begins-The Trouble Thickens-England the

Arbitrator Humiliation - Scotland Arises, but is

Trampled down-Wallace to the Rescue-Still Un-

conquered-Robert Bruce-King Edward's Vow of

Vengeance The Avenger laid low-Adventures of

the Fugitives, etc. - Brighter Days begin - King

Edward II.-Frivolity takes the place of Fierceness

-The Siege of Stirling Castle-A Battle imminent-

Site of the Battle -The Battle--Flight of King Ed-

ward-Bruce's Nobleness in Triumph-Results of the

Battle.

THE PENNY POST

The Old Posts and Posting-Ancient Carriers-His-

torical Sketch of the Penny Post of London-The

Postboy considered-Dangers of "Riders" - The

Cross-Post instituted-Ralph Allen-Mr. Palmer and

Mail Coaches-The Old Mail to Bath Rowland

Hill: His Investigations; His Pamphlet upon Postal

Reform-Up-hill Work-Suggestions for Reform-

Reception of Mr. Hill's Scheme-Parliamentary Op-

position-Efforts in Hill's favour-Evidence on behalf

of the Scheme produced-Results of the Committee's

Enquiry-The Postal Reform Bill Passed-Guarded

Proceedings--The Grand Result--Sir Rowland Hill

- Post Office Work Some Curious Facts - The

Parcel Post-Conclusion.

HAMPDEN AND SHIPMONEY

A Momentous Question-English Liberty in the Olden

Time-The Parliament and its Power-Henry IV.

and Parliamentary Privileges-Tudors and Stuarts:

Their Attitude towards the Parliament and People-

Henry VIII. and the Contributions-Queen Eliza-

beth: Her Dependence on the People--James I.—A

New State of Things-Charles I. working out his

Father's Theory John Hampden, Member for

Wendover - The Despotic Period- An Arbitrary

Government-The "Thorough" and Ship Money

-The Trial of the Question-The Collapse of

"Thorough"-The Short Parliament-The Long

Parliament-Breaking out of the Civil War-Death

of Hampden-Conclusion.

FROM THE BLACK HOLE TO PLASSEY.

A Memorial of a Great Event-India under Aurungzebe

and hi Successors-The East India Companies and

their Rivalries-The Dutch in India; their Arrogance

-England and France in the Carnatic-Dupleix and

his Schemes of Dominion-Robert Clive-The De-

fence of Arcot-Supremacy of the British in Hindostan

-Suraj-ud-Dowlah and the English in Calcutta-

Capture of Calcutta-The Massacre of the Black Hole

-Mr. Holwell's Account of the Transaction-The

Expedition from Madras; Victory and Revenge-

The Conspiracy to dethrone the Suba; Omichund

and his Treachery - "Diamond cut Diamond;'

Clive's Device-Opinions of Mill and Macaulay on

his Conduct-The War against the Nabob; Clive in

Command-Question of risking a General Engage-

ment-The Battle of Plassey and its Consequences-

Meer Jaffier, Ruler of Bengal, Orissa, and Bahar-

Pecuniary Transactions of Clive with Meer Jaffier-

Further Victories-Rewards and Honours; Return

of Clive to England-The Company's Rule in India;

Grievances and Calamities- "Ringing the Changes

on Soubahs"-Meer Cossim and his Successors--

Further Proceedings of the Company-Clive's Third

Visit to India-How he applied the Remedy-The

Result-Conclusion.

CÆSARISM IN ROME

A Roman Holiday-The Ides of March-Regal Rome-

Republican Rome-The Commencement of a Memo-

rable Epoch-The

Oppressions of the Aristocracy-

Cato the Censor-Tiberius Gracchus and his Law for

the Amelioration of the Condition of the People-Caius

Gracchus-The Story of Jugurtha-Marius, Sulla,

and the Social War-The Mithridatic War and the

First Civil War--The Roman Reign of Terror -

Julius Caesar-The Second Civil War-The Catiline

Conspiracy-The Greatest Crisis in the History of

Rome-The First Triumvirate-The Contest between

Casar and Pompey-Cæsar crosses the Rubicon-

The Beginning of the End-Cesar's Laws and Policy

-The Second Triumvirate-Proscriptions and Assas

sinations-Augustus Emperor-Influence of Cæsarism

on the World.

STRONGBOW AND KING DERMOT

The Land of Continual War-The Holy Angel's Com-

munication and St. Bridget-The Native Kings of

Ireland-Hungry Looks from England--Henry the

Second's Scheme, and Appeal to the Pope-The Irish

Church-King Dermot and the Lady Devorgoil-

PAGE

Giraldus Cambrensis and his Opinion of Women--A

Papal Bull-Flight of King Dermot to England-

Strongbow and other Soldiers of Fortune-Siege of

Wexford-A Kingly Cannibal- Normans and Natives

-Massacre and Marriage-King Roderic and the

Invaders-Strongbow, King of Leinster-King Henry

interferes-A Royal Visit-"More Irish than the

Irish"-Appeal to the Bruces of Scotland -The

Statutes of Kilkenny-Poyning's Law and "the

Pale"-Rule of the Tudors-Terrible Condition of

the Native Irish-Absenteeism-Projects for Reform-

ing the Irish Church-A Reign of Terror The Plan-

tation of Ulster--The Irish Society of London-The

Curse of Cromwell-Boyne Water and the Siege of

Limerick The Treaty of Limerick-A Policy of

Oppression.

FEDERALS AND CONFEDERATES

The Missouri Compromise-John Brown-The Breach

-Mutterings of the Storm-Fort Sumter-Bull Run

-Progress of the War-Numerous Battles - The

Trent Affair-Campaign of 1862-Capture of New

Orleans - The Merrimac and the Monitor-The

Struggle at Shiloh-Fighting in 1863 and 1864--On

the Chickahominy--Lee in Virginia-Great Losses--

Conclusion of the Civil War.

THE REFORM BILL OF 1832

and his Runaway Horse "Reform"- Political Cele-

brities of 1831--Early Reform of the Representation

-The Long Parliament - Cromwell-Clarendon's

Opinion Motion for Reform in 1745-The Elder Pitt

on Reform-Rotten Boroughs and Pocket Boroughs;

Seats held as Family Property The Younger Pitt;

his Efforts for Reform Opposition of Burke and

Others The Friends of the People and Charles Grey

-Their Petition in 1793-Hard Facts temperately put

-The French Revolution and its Effects-Long Delay

of Reform Measures-After the War: Reform Agita-

tion; its Supporters and Opponents-Government

Coercion The Peterloo Massacre Lord John

Russell's Reform Proposition in 1819-Lord Castle-

reagh-George Canning The Wellington Adminis-

tration; Catholic Emancipation; Changes-Sir Robert

Peel and his Influence-A New Reign and a New

Ministry New Prospects of Reform - Lord John

Russell introduces the Bill; its Provisions, Disfran-

chisement, Enfranchisement, and Redistribution-

Various Speeches-Second Reading and Explanations

-Dissolution and General Election-Reintroduction

of the Reform Bill-Battle Royal-The Bill passes the

Commons--Debate in the Lords-The Bill rejected--

General Excitement-Birmingham Meeting-Bristol

Riots-The Bill again in the Commons-Battle in the

Lords-Resignation of the Ministry-Return of Lord

Grey-The Bill passed-Conclusion.

THE ELIZABETHAN AGE

Death of Queen Mary-Proclamation in London-

Elizabeth, at Hatfield, receives the Intelligence of her

Accession to the Crown-Political and Doctrinal

Protestantism-The Learned Ladies of the Time-

"Now all the Youth of England are afire "-The

Maritime Supremacy and Wealth of Spain-Condition

of England-A poor Aristocracy and a Moneyed

Middle Class-An Impoverished Exchequer and De-

based Coinage-Cecil and Gresham to the Rescue-

Ecclesiastical Changes--Papal Bishops lose their Sees

-Social Condition of the People-Rogues, Vaga-

bonds, and Sturdy Beggars-The Gallows in "Merrie

England"-Mercantile Enterprise-Maritime Adven-

tures-Drake sails round the World, and brings home

Treasure-Seeking a North-West Passage-Trade

with India-Shattering the Great Armada Splendid

Literary Development Shakespeare the Mirror "of

the Age and Body of the Time.'

THE FIGHT AT FONTENOY .

European Affairs Maria Theresa - Frederick the

Second of Pruss a-The Beginning of the War of

Succession - Battle of Mollwitz-Affairs in England

-State of Europe-Progress of the War-The British

Cabinet The King in Germany-Battle of Dettingen

-Defeat of the French-Incidents of the Battle--

Marshal Saxe and the Invasion of England--The

Campaign of 1744- The English Alliance - The

Campaign in Flanders-The Siege of Tournai--Battle

of Fontenoy-British Bravery--The French Repulsed

-English Hard Pressed-Defection of the Dutch

Troops-The Result-Foreign Opinions of the Fight

at Fontenoy-Conclusion.

THE MUTINIES AT SPITHEAD AND THE NORE 385

A Woman's Love-Digging up the Body of a Mutineer

-The Panics of 1797-The Glory of the English

Fleet-First Unheeded Murmurs of the Tars-- Black

Dick, the Sailor's Friend-Outbreak at Spithead-

The Yard Ropes-Splendid Temper of the Mutineers

-Their Tale of Woe-The Jolly Tar a Century Ago

-The Sweets of Liberty- The Press-gang-The

Admiralty at Portsmouth-Dangerous Higgling of

the Commissioners The Bloody Flag hoisted-The

Settlement-Fresh Outbreak at St. Helen's-Another

Blunder The First Bloodshed-Triumph of the Sea-

men and the Sailor's Friend-The Rising at the Nore

-Frolics of the Delegates- Proposal of the Mutineers

-Escape of the Clyde-Blockade of the Thames-

Piracy of the Mutineers-Some more Barbarities-

Hanging Pitt-Parker's Washerwoman-Break up of

the Mutiny-Terrific Scenes in the Fleet- The Last

of "President" Parker.

BRITISH CHARTERS OF LIBERTY

The Barons and their Dependents-Royalty and the

Barons The early Charter of William and Henry I.

Constitutions of Clarendon-The Assize of North-

ampton-King John and the Barons-The Conference

at St. Albans The Meeting in the Temple- The

Tryst at Runymede-Magna Charta-Its Clauses

explained-Rage of John-The Confirmations of the

Charter-Parliamentary Influence--Petition of Right

-Charles and the Parliament-The Revolution-

William and Mary-Bill of Rights-Declaration of

Rights-The Act of Settlement-Modern Measures

-The Chartists-The Kennington Scare-Conclusion.

PLAGUE AND FIRE .

The Seeds of Death-The First Victims-Former

Plagues-The Portent of the Blazing Star-Spread of

the Plague during May The Prescription of the

College of Physicians -The Quacks Increase of

Mortality during June-Multitudes leave the Town

-The Lord Mayor's Regulations--The Dreadful

Days of July-The Plague Pits-The Horrors of

August-The Death-fires of September-The Pest-

houses-Abatement of the Plague-The Number of

Deaths-What was the Plague?-Fire! Fire! -No

Water to be Obtained-Efforts to Preserve Property

-A Walk through the Ruins-The Rebuilding of the

City.

THE SICILIAN VESPERS.

National Outbreaks and their Effects-The "Roman

Empire" of the Germans---Italy in the Middle Ages-

Her Municipal Institutions--The Hohenstauffen Em-

perors and the Popes-Guelphs and Ghibelines--Sicily

under the Saracen and the Norman Rule-Frederick

Barbarossa and his Successors-Policy of the Popes

-Supremacy of Rome- Manfred the Suabian Hero;

and Conradin the Last of the Hohenstauffen- Papal

design to establish a King in Sicily-Charles of Anjou

and Manfred-Battle of Benevento-Conradin's im-

vasion of Italy--Tagliacozzo-Death of Conradin-

Vengeance of Charles of Anjou-Feudal Oppressions

Condition of Sicily and Apulia-Peter of Aragon and

John of Procida--The Massacre of March 31st, 1282

-Its Results-Conclusion.

-The First Declaration of Indulgence-The Child of

Prayer The Second Declaration of Indulgence - The

Prayer of the Prelates-The Trial of the Seven

Bishops For Parliament and Protestantism

William enters Exeter; Marches on Salisbury-

Defections from James-The King escapes, is cap-

tured, and again flies-William enters St. James's

Palace-Conclusion.

A DARK DEED OF CRUELTY

Battle of Killiecrankie-The Chief of Glencoe--Fall of

Dundee King James's Gift of Brandy-Tarbat and

Dalrymple-The Burning Questions of Scotland--

Estimate of Highland Loyalty-Treachery of the

Aborigines-Letters of Fire and Sword-Projected

Massacre by James VI.-Tarbat's Golden Bait-The

Earl of Breadalbane-A Pious Colonel--Loses his

Patience-Castle of Achallader-A Strange Armistice

Glencoe's Quarrel-Brutalities of his Clan-Friends

of Rob Roy- Dalrymple's Objects in "rooting out

the Thieves The Royal Indemnity-Dalrymple's

Mauling Scheme "-Maclan of Glencoe takes the

Oath-Military Preparations- Dalrymple's Letters--

The Campbells in Glencoe-Merry-makings in the

Glen-Orders of the Officers-Maclan Slain-Details

of the Massacre.

THE VENGEANCE OF '89

The Mud-Town-The Merovingian Kings-the Carlo-

vingians-The Capets-Paris under the Capets--The

House of Valcis-Troubles in the Jacquerie--Foun

dation of the Bastille-Growth of the Bastille-The

Bourbon Kings The Bastille and the Absolute

Monarchy--A Poet's Indignant Denunciation -An

Escape from the Bastille-The Beginning of the

Revolution-"To Arms!"-" To the Bastille!"-

Taken The Sequel.

LONG LIVE THE BEGGARS

465

481

- 497

A Great Inheritance and an Unworthy Heir-Charles V.,

his Work and his Abdication-The Great Inheritance

of Philip II.-Power and Importance of Spain in the

16th Century The Netherlands, and how Charles

and Philip ruled there--The Harshness of Charles V.

in the Netherlands tempered by Policy-The Great

Cities--Ghent and its Power-"Roland," the Bell of

Ghent-Character of Philip II.-His System of Rule

by Terror and Coercion The Inquisition; its Estab-

lishment in Spain, and Development under Philip II.

-William of Orange Nassau, the Liberator of his

Country Lamorel, Count Egmont - Margaret of

Parma, the Regent of Flanders-Cardinal Granvella

and his Influence-How William of Orange incurred

the Hatred of Philip II.-Discontent in the Nether-

lands--The Compromise and its Object-How the

Great Petition was Presented to Margaret of Parma

"Long Live the Beggars! Vivent les Gueux !"-

The Protestant Preachers and the Image Breakers

-King Philip and his Councillors-Alva-The Storm

bursts forth at last.

The Mad, Roaring Time-A happy Martyr-Nicodemus

-The Cabbage-woman's Stool-The Covenants of

1638 and 1643 Prince Charles swallows them-Char-

acter of Archbishop Sharp-The Drunken Act-Sandy

Peden's Farewell-Tricks on the new Curates-The

greatest Drunkard of his Age-Lauderdale's shock

Head-The Scots Mile Act-A Martial Student of

Quevedo-Spotting the Absentees-Four "Honest

Men-Turner in his Nightgown-Turning a Turner

-The Fight at Rullion Green-The Torture of the

Boots-Ephraim Macbriar at the Scaffold--The

"Honest" Hangman of Irvine-The Forty Dumb

Dogs-Cruelties of Dalziel-Act against Conventicles

--The Highland Savages brought down -Appearance

of "Bloody Clavers"-Magus Moor-Defeat of

Claverhouse at Drumclog-His Horse pitchforked-

Bothwell Bridge-A dreadful Shipwreck-The Came-

ronians-Given over to Satan-The Killing Time-

Execution of Women-The Wigtown Female Martyrs

-The True Story of John Brown-Graham's own

Confession.

DOST MAHOMED AND AKBAR KHAN

An Impressive Warning-Cabul and its Rulers-Rus-

sian Influence in Persia-General Apprehensions-

Dost Mahomed, Khan of Cabul-Various Opinions

concerning him-Lord Auckland, Governor-General

of India; His Policy-The Meeting with Shah Soojah

-Rungeet Singh, the Ally of the English-The Army

of the Indus-Shah Soojah restored to his Throne-

The Entry into Candahar-Mistaken Notions of Shah

Fall-Flight of Dost Mahomed-The Great Douran-

nee Order distributed at Cabul-Gallant Struggles of

Dost Mahomed--Battle of Purwan Durrah-Cabul

in Insurrection - Dost Mahomed in India-Assassina-

tion of Sir Alexander Burnes and his Brother - From

Bad to Worse-The English Army beleaguered at

Cabul-Consequences of the Insurrection-Akbar

Khan and his Doings-Murder of Sir W. Macnaghten

-Pitiable State of the Army-The Retreat from Cabul

-The Khyber Pass-Lord Auckland and Lord Ellen-

borough-Revenge-The Advance into Afghanistan

-Conclusion.

THE MEN OF THE "MAYFLOWER"

The Departure from Delfthaven-Who were the Puritans

-Rise of the Party under Henry VIII., Mary, and

Elizabeth-Commencement of the Puritan Exodus-

Departure from England-The Voyage-Landing at

Cape Cod-The First Sunday on Shore-"Welcome,

Englishmen !"--The Colonists' First Summer-More

Emigrants arrive-Disagreements with the Merchants

-Continued Emigration of the Puritans-The Dor-

chester Adventurers-Adoption of a Confession of

Faith Civil Laws passed-Roger Williams, one of

the Noblest of the Pilgrim Fathers-Intolerance of

the Puritans-Laws against Witchcraft-Progress of

The Centuries of Turkish Despotism-Origin and Fierce
Temper of the Revolution-The Force of Wealth and
Education-Secret Societies-Invasion of Hypsilantes
-The Sacred Battalion-Noble End of the Patriot
Georgaki-The Flag hoisted in the Morea-A Fight-
ing Bishop-"Death to the Turks!"-Bloodshed at
Patras-Massacres by Greeks-Dreadful Scenes in
Constantinople - Execution of the Patriarch - A
Canopy of Vultures-The "Hares" of the Egean-
First Cruise of the Greek Fleet Timid Scio-Indi-
vidual Sacrifice and National Aspiration-Why Scio
did not rise The Island overrun-The Harems and
their Mastic-Despatch of a Turkish Force-The
Chiote Peasant and the Samians-Wretched Rivalry
of the Patriots-The Vengeance of the Turk-" Fire

PAGE

Sword, Slavery"-Flight of the Samians-Dreadful
Massacres, Ruin, and Universal Plunder by Asiatic
Hordes-Slaughter of the Monks-The Slaves and
Fugitives-Sailing of the Greek Fleet-The Ven-
geance of Kanaris-The Fire-ships--Fate of two
thousand Turks-Navarino and the Independence of
Greece.

JOHN OF LEYDEN AND THE ANABAPTISTS. 609

Introduction-" Corruptio optimis pessima"-The Pea-

sants' War--Rise of the Anabaptists-Luther's return

to Wittenberg-Principles of the Anabaptists-John

of Leyden Arrival of Mattys and Bockelson in

Münster-Anabaptism triumphant -- The City Be-

leaguered-A Glimpse of City Life-John of Leyden

Supreme-He is made King-The Progress of the

Siege A Failure-The King in Danger-Overthrow

-The Execution-Retrospect.

WHAT CAME OF THE BEGGARS' REVOLT

How Duke Alva superseded Margaret of Parma-Ar-

nival of Alva in Brussels-General Apprehension of

Evil-The Treacherous Calm-Arrest of Counts Eg-

mont and Horn-Escape of Hoogstraten-Trial and
Condemnation of the Two Counts--Egmont's Last

Letter to the King-The Execution in the Market-

place at Brussels-How Duke Alva ruled in the

Netherlands-The Reign of Terror-The Council of

Blood-Vargas and His Colleagues-Atrocities and
Oppression-Departure of Margaret of Parma-Wil-

liam of Orange, the Champion of Religious Liberty

-His Defeat by Alva--The Duke's Insolence and

Pride The Statue - Taxation and Resistance

The Resignation of Alva-Renewal of the Contest-

Beggars of the Sea-Alva's Successors-The Struggle

and the Triumph-Death of William the Silent-

Conclusion.

THE REIGN OF TERROR

A History crowded into Two Years-From the 10th of

August, 1792, to the 9th of Thermidor, 1794-What

followed the taking of the Bastilie-Triumph of the

Populace; the Mob at Versailles-The King, the

Queen, and the Veto-The National Assembly-Al-

terations in the Laws-The Enemies of the Revolu-

tion; the King's Flight- The Cordeliers and the

Jacobin Clubs-Detection and Ruin- Drouet and

Varennes- The King's Return-Foreign Powers;

The Beginning of a Long War-The Oath to the

Constitution-Meeting of the Legislative Assembly-

Events to the 10th of August-The_Fall of the

Monarchy-The 20th of June, 1792.-The Mob at

the Tuileries-Down with the Veto-The Duke of

Brunswick and his Manifesto-The Insurrection of

the 10th of August-Downfall of the Monarchy-

The National Convention - France a Republic;

Transition to the Reign of Terror--The September

Massacres-Trial and Execution of the King-The

Fall of the Girondists-Dumouriez-The Terror at

its height.

GALLANT KING HARRY

The Cause of the War-The Condition of France in

1415 Henry's Preparations for War-More Attempts

at Diplomacy-Traitors in Henry's Camp-Discovery

and Punishment of the Conspirators-The Fleet sets

Sail-The Siege of Harfleur-Gallant Defence of the
French-Negotiations for the Surrender of the Town
-The Fall of Harfleur and Ceremony of giving up
the Keys-Continuance of the Campaign-The Pre-
parations of the French for a great Battle-The De-
fence of the Somme-Henry finally crosses the River
--The Sight of the French on the Plains of Agincourt
-The Night before the Battle-The Disposition of
the opposing Forces-The Attack of the Archers--
The Brilliant Charge of the Constable of France-
Defeat of the First Division of the French-Forward
Movement of the English-Defeat of the Second
Division and Flight of the Third Division of the
French-Incidents of the Battle-Henry's Return to
England.

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