Anti-Trust Law (see also Trade Com

missions, and Assistant to the Attorney-General):

Amendment of, would control trusts and monopolies, 7916. Amendments suggested, 7131, 7343. Appropriations for enforcement of, needed, 6712. Commended, 7819.

Common stock ownershp, 7650. Definition of, to clarify, 8151. Discussed by President Taft, 7809. Effectiveness of the decree, 7649. Enforcement of, 6712, 6790, 6975, 7073.

Explicit legislation under, 7910. Farmers' and laborers' organizations should not be exempt from operation of, 7865.

Federal corporation commission proposed, 7654.

Federal incorporation recommended,

7652.

sions. This raised the strength of Lee's command to over 45,000 combatants. Sept. 16, 1862, McClellan's army, about 70,000 strong, was re-enforced to 87,164, of which 4,320 were cavalry. About 60,000 of this force bore the brunt of the battle. On the evening of the 16th Hooker's division crossed the creek and began an attack, which darkness ended. Fighting was resumed at daylight on the 17th and continued all day, with varying success and terrific slaughter. Darkness again put an end to the carnage. McClellan did not renew the attack on the 18th, but orders were issued to resume fighting on the 19th. During the night of the 18th, however, the Confederates withdrew to the west of the Potomac and proceeded toward Martinsburg. A few days later McClellan occupied Martinsburg. The total loss of the Union army was 12,469 (2,010 killed); of the Confederates, 25,899. Other estimates of the Confederate loss are 9,000 to 12,000. The official Confederate accounts claim that this was a drawn battle, and that the total effective force of Lee was a little more than 35,000. This was called by the Confederates the battle of Sharpsburg. (See illustration opposite 3225.) Antiquities, American, Preservation of. -Under the act of Congress approved June 8, 1906, interdepartmental regulations goyerning the excavation, appropriation, etc., of prehistoric ruins or objects of antiquity have been promulgated by the Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and War. plications for permits to make excavations on the public lands, Indian reservations, or the national monuments named below should be addressed to the Secretary of the Inte rior. The following have been reserved from entry and set aside as national monuments: Devils Tower, Wyoming; Montezuma Castle, Arizona; Petrified Forest, Arlzona; El Morro, New Mexico; Chaco Canyon, New Mexico; Muir Woods, California; Natural Bridges, Utah; Lewis and Clark Cavern, Montana; Tumacacori, Arizona; Navajo, Arizona; Mukuntuweap, Utah; Shoshone Cavern, Wyoming: Gran Quivira, New Mexico; Sitka National Monument, Alaska; Rainbow Bridge, Utah: Pinnacles, California Colorado, Colorado. Eleven other national monuments within national forests have also been set aside under this act and placed under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture, to whom inquiries in regard thereto should be addressed.

Ap

See also National Monuments. Anzac. The nickname used in the World War to designate the British troops from Australia and New Zealand. It was derived from the initial letters of the official title of the first Australlan troops sent to France, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps.

Apache Indians. (See Indian Tribes.)
Apalachicola Indians. (See Indian
Tribes.)

Apollo, The, seizure of, by American
Government referred to, 669.
Appeal, Government Right of, in crimi-
inal cases, 7023.

Appeals, Courts of. (See Courts of Ap. peals.)

Appointing Power of President.
Executive Nominations.)
Appointment to Office.
tive Nominations.)

(See

(See Execu

Appointments, Division of Postmasters, Post-Office Department.-This division falls under the supervision of the First Assistant Postmaster-General (q. v.). By order of President Wilson, effective April 1, 1917. all postmasterships in the Department of the Post-Office are placed under Civil Service. (See Civil Service: Civil Service Commission; Post-Office Department.)

Appomattox (Va.), Battle of. After the battle of Farmville, April 7, 1865, Lee moved off toward the west, closely followed by Meade on the north side of the Appomattox. Sherman learning of the arrival of supply trains for Lee's Army at Appomattox Station, pushed forward for that place with all the cavalry. Lee's hopeless condition being now apparent, Grant sent him a note inviting surrender. Lee replied, askIng for terms, and Grant insisted upon the unconditional surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. On the night of April 8 Custer, who was in Sheridan's advance, reached Appomattox Station, where the Confederate advance had just ar rived. He attacked the forces and captured 25 guns and 4 supply trains, a hospital train, and a park of wagons. During the night Sheridan came up, and by daylight was joined by Gen. Ord's command and the Fifth Corps. Lee was now only 20 miles from Lynchburg, his objective point. At first, underestimating the opposIng forces, he ordered Gen. Gordon to make a reconnoissance and attack. Sheridan's cavalry withdrew to one side and revealed the lines of Ord's and Griffin's commands in line of battle. Gordon sent forward a white flag. Gen. Lee then dispatched a note to Gen. Grant requesting an interview, which being allowed closed with the signing of articles of surrender of Lee's army and camp followers, about 27,000 men. The omcers and men were paroled April 12, and allowed to return to their homes. All publle property was turned over, but the offcers were allowed to keep their side arms and both officers and men to retain their private horses and baggage.

Apportionment.-The distribution of representation in the Federal House of Representatives and in the general assemblies of the various States. In the Continental Congress each State had but one vote. Long contention over the matter of representation finally led to the establishment of two Houses of Congress-the Senate, wherein all States should have equal representation regardless of area or population, and the House, in which each State should have representation in proportion to its population. President Washington vetoed a bill on this subject (116). A census was taken and 1 Representative was allowed for every 30,000 inhabitants. This rule governed apportionments for 70 years, though the ratio was changed from time to time as the population increased.

In order to keep the number of members of the House a fixed quantity, the Thirtyfirst Congress decided to divide the representative population by 233 after each census, and by the quotient thus obtained divide the representative population of each State. This gave the number of Representatives to which each State was entitled. and when the total number fell short of 233, Representatives were allowed the States having the largest fractions after division. According to the apportionment act of Jan. 16, 1901, it was provided that after March 3, 1903, the House should

be composed of 386 members, to be chosen in districts composed of contiguous and compact territory and containing as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants, each district electing one Representative. It was also provided that in case of an increase allowed any State, such additional ones shall be elected by the State at large until the State shall be redistricted; and that whenever a new State is admitted to the Union the Representative or Representatives assigned to it shall be in addition to the number 386. According to the census of 1900 the ratio of apportionment was 194,182, and as this gave only 384 Representatives, Nebraska and Virginia were each allowed one additional, making a total of 386 Representatives. (See also Gerrymander.)

By an act of Congress approved Aug. 8, 1911, the ratio of representation under the thirteenth census was fixed at one for each 212,407 of population, increasing the number of representatives to 435. The table on the following page shows the ratio of representation in each Congress under the Constitution.

clause 1, of the Constitution provides that "All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives"; a similar privilege has been claimed by the House in the case of appropriations of public money, but in this case the claim has not been insisted on. Previous to 1865 the appropriation bills were, in the House, considered by the Committee of Ways and Means, but in that year the Committee on Appropriations was formed. By a rule of the House and Senate, appropriation bills must include only items authorized by existing laws, and they cannot contain provislons changing existing laws. But this rule is frequently disregarded. These bills must be reported to the Committee of the Whole, and may be reported at any time, taking precedence of any other measures. This rule puts vast power into the hands of the chairman of the committee, and of late years this power has been used to choke discussion on the the subject of tariff, by withholding the report of the appropriation bills until the end of the session and then introducing them at a time when, the most urgent duties of Congress having been performed, that topic is most likely to come up for discussion. In the House the yeas and nays on the passage of these bills must be recorded. But bills are frequently passed under a suspension of this rule. In the Senate this is not neces sary. The Appropriation Committee in that body was organized in 1867, the Finance Committee having previously had that matter in charge. The appropriation bills are made up from estimates furnished by the heads of the executive departments; these are usually much reduced in the House, and these estimates are again usually raised by the Senate (which body has less political capital to make out of a claim of economy); a compromise between the two usually results in appropriations considerably lower than the amount asked for by the department officers. This necessitates the passage, at the beginning of every session, of a bill to supply the deficiency of the previous appropriations; this bill is known as the Deficiency Bill.

Besides the appropriations there are "permanent annual appropriations," or money expended by the treasury by virtue of laws whose operation involves the expenditure without a specific appropriation renewed each year, as interest on the public debt. (See Riders.)

See also Budget, National.
Appropriations:

Acts making, vetoed. (See the sev-
eral subjects.)
Appropriation bill, special session
messages regarding failure to pass,
2927, 4404, 4472.

Appropriation bills failing to pass,
effect of, discussed, 3101.
Bill providing for, vetoed, 8845.
General legislation in appropriation

bills objected to, 2993, 3020, 5363.
In House of Representatives should be
initiated and prepared through sin-
gle committee, 8405.

Power of Congress to designate officer to expend, discussed, 3128. Reference to, 2918.

Should not be made unless necessary,
1248.

Suspension of, referred to, 1839.
Systematic and economical
way of
making, discussed by President
Taft, 7490.

Arabia is a peninsula toward the southwest of the Asiatic continent, forming the connecting link between Asia and Africa, and lying between 34° 30-60° E. long, and 12° 45'-34° 50′ N. lat. The northwestern limit is generally taken from Akaba, at the head of the Gulf of Akbar, to a point in the Syrian Desert about 150 miles northeast. and thence northwards to a point about fifty miles due east of Damascus. The remaining land boundaries are in the form of a horseshoe, encompassing the Syr'an Desert, and descending in a southeasterly direction to the head of the Persian Gulf, and thus excluding the whole of Mesopotamia and the Euphrates Valley. The other boundaries of Arabia are the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, the Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf and Gulf of (man.

The area of Arabia is estimated at 1,200,000 square miles, of which 200.000 are the Sinaitic peninsula and comprised in the Syrian Desert. Large stretches of the country remain unknown, even to the present day, especially to the Christian peoples of the world. The population may be placed at 6.000,000. The soil is largely desert and can support only a thinly-spread population, and most of the inhabitants lead a nomadic existence. The people are chiefly Mohammedans.

Before the World War, Turkey enjoyed a nominal suzerainty over most of Arabia, but in November, 1916, Grand Sheriff Hussein, of Mecca, assumed the title of King of the Hejaz and, assisted by the British, achieved independence. His armies aided the British in Palestine and with peace with Germany, Hejaz was constituted a free nation. The importance of Hejaz deDends upon the pilgrimages to the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. Medina ("the City"), 820 miles by rail from Damascus, and the present terminus of the Hejaz Raily, has a permanent population of about

20,000, and is celebrated as the burial place of Mahomet, who died in the city on June 7, 632. The Mosque of the Prophet (500 feet in length and over 300 in breadth) contains the sacred tomb of Mahomet. Mecca, the birthplace of the Prophet, is forty-five miles east of the seaport of Jidda, and about 200 miles south of Medina, and has a fixed population estimated at 60,000. The city contains the great mosque surrounding the Kaaba or sacred shrine of the Mohammedan religion, in which is the black stone "given by Gabriel to Abraham," placed in the southeast wall of the Kaaba at such a height that it may be kissed by the devout pilgrim.

Arabia, boundaries of, discussed, 8840, 8841.

Arapahoe Indians. (See Indian Tribes.) Arbitration (International) and Disarmament.-The movement in behalf of universal peace between the nations had created before 1914 a great amount of interest and enthusiasm, although the outbreak of the World War proved that the movement had aimed at superficial instead of at fundamental met ods of preventing international wars. An International Peace Conference had met annually for the twenty-two years prior to 1914 and a Palace of Peace had been erected at the Hague through the gift of Mr. Andrew Carnegie.

A Permanent International Court of Arbitration was established at The Hague by a treaty of July, 1899, which was signed and later ratified by twenty-four powers. Representation in the court by non-signatory powers was provided for by protocol of June, 1907. The permanent court consists of men of recognized authority on international law. The members on the pat of the United States are Senator Elihu Root, John Bassett Moore, Judge George Gray and Hon. Oscar S. Straus. (See Hague Peace Conference.) A number of cases have been tried by this court-one of the most important being the Atlantic Fisheries Dispute, which threatened the friendly relations of Great Britain and Canada with the United States, and in which a satisfactory settlement was reached. (See Great Britain, Treaties with. Here, under the heading Arbitration, will be found the essential principles of all international arbitration treaties.)

The terms of peace which ended the World War confessedly comprised, perhaps unnecessarily, perhaps inevitably, many seeds from which wars had sprung in the past-such as the suppression of great nations and of minor nationalities, the consummation of separate alliances and protective treaties, the continuation of huge armaments, of conscription and of compulsory military service, the absence of freedom of the seas, the erection of a number of "buffer states" in Europe, the intensifi cation of international commercial rivalry in the markets of the world and especially in undeveloped territories, official propaganda directed against rival nations, the absence of an international police force. the refusal to permit certain sections of nationalities to join other sections of the same nationality contiguous to them, etc. Indeed, with the conclusion of the major hostilities of the World War, more than twenty minor wars were being waged; and there were many predictions that there might be several generations of war ahead of the world before the World War was finally liquidated.