Political Complexion of Congress.-In the
Fifth Congress the Senate of thirty-two
members was made up of twenty-one Feder-
alists and eleven Democrats; the House, of
105 members, was made up of fifty-one Fed-
eralists and fifty-four Democrats. In the
Sixth Congress the Senate, of thirty-two
members, was made up of nineteen Federal-
ists and thirteen Democrats; the House, of
105 members, was made up of fifty-seven
Federalists and forty-eight Democrats.

The Sixth Congress, the last to assemble
in Philadelphia, met Dec. 2, 1799, and
Theodore Sedgwick, of Massachusetts, was
elected Speaker of the House. The death
of Washington (Dec. 14) was announced to
Congress Dec. 19 (page 287), and in his
eulogy Henry Lee of Virginia used the
memorable phrase, "First in war, first in
peace and first in the hearts of his coun-
trymen." At this session a gold medal was
awarded to Thomas Truxtun, who, in com-
mand of the Constellation, had captured the
French ship of war L'Insurgente and the
frigate La Vengeance. The frigate George
Washington carried tribute money from the
United States to the Dey of Algiers and was
required to carry the Dey's ambassador to
Constantinople.

C.

Successor Elected.-When the electoral
votes were counted in February it was
found that Jefferson and Burr, Democratic-
Republican candidates, had each 73 votes:
John Adams, Federalist, 65, and C.
Pinckney, Federalist, 64, and John Jay, 1.
The tie between Jefferson and Burr was
sent to the House to decide, and after
seven days, in which thirty-six ballots were
taken, Jefferson and Burr were elected.
Adams, John:

Annual addresses of, 240, 261, 279, 295.
Addresses of Senate in reply, 244,
265, 282, 298.

Replies of President, 246, 267, 283,
299.

Addresses of House in reply, 247, 267,
283, 300.

Replies of President, 248, 270, 286,
302.

Liographical sketch of, 217.
Constitutional amendment relative to

postponement of meeting of Con-
gress suggested by, 240.
Death of, announced and honors to be
paid memory of, 914.
Referred to, 930.

Death of Washington announced by,

287.

Address and replies, 288, 289, 290.
Division between people and govern-
ment discouraged by, 229.
Exequaturs issued consuls of France
revoked by, 260.

Finances discussed by, 228, 243, 252,
265, 281, 297.

Foreign policy discussed by, 228.
Hostile policy of France discussed by,
262.

Inaugural address of, 218.

Oath of office, notifies Congress of

time and place of taking, 1220.
Pardons granted insurgents in Penn-
sylvania by, 293.
Portrait of, 216.

Peter B. Porter, from May 26, 1828.
Secretary of the Navy-

Samuel L. Southard (continued).
Attorney-General-

William Wirt (continued).
Postmaster-General-

trained in

John McLean (continued).
Party Affiliation.-Though
politics and diplomacy by his father, John
Quincy Adams soon manifested independ-
ence of political thought and action. He
broke with the Federalists when he gave
unqualified support to Jefferson on the
Louisiana Purchase, and, later, on the em-
bargo. Speaking of the Federalists defend-
ing the Leopard affair, he said: "This was
the cause which alienated me from that day
and forever from the councils of the
Federalist party." It was not long until he
became active in Republican circles, both as
a diplomat and as a Cabinet officer. During
his administration, he was Whig so far as
favoring internal improvements, the national
bank, and high tariff on importations. As
ex-President, he was elected to Congress
(1831) by the anti-Masonic party, but he
there maintained a perfectly independent
attitude. When he left Congress he sup
ported the Abolitionists, and from 1836
until 1845 he was fierce in his denunciation
of gag-rule.

John Quincy Adams became Chief Magis-
trate by popular choice in an election where
personality was concerned more than party
affiliation. The election of 1824 was not
regulated by Congressional caucus, which
had lost its importance with the waning of

EXTENT OF THE UNITED STATES DURING THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT J. Q. ADAMS, 1825-1829.

COPYRIGHT BY BUREAU OF NATIONAL LITERATURE. (INC.)

MISSOURI 1821

VT

1791

NH.

1788

MASS 1788 CONN 1788

ALABAMA 1819

GEORGIA 1788

VIRGINIA 1788

N. J. 1787

MD.

1788

the Federalists, nor by national convention,
which mode of nomination did not originate
until formed by the Anti-Masons in 1830.

Vote. The contest was free for all, and
narrowed down to four candidates: Adams,
Jackson, Crawford, and Clay. Twenty-four
States took part in the election, which was
held Nov. 2. This is the earliest election in
which there appears a record of the popular
vote, as most of the electors were chosen
by that means. That record shows that
Andrew Jackson received 155,872 votes;
John Quincy Adams, 105,321; William H.
Crawford, 44,282; and Henry Clay, 46,587.
The electoral vote, counted on Feb. 9, 1825,
gave Andrew Jackson, 99; John Quincy
Adams, 84; William H. Crawford, 41; and
Henry Clay, 37.

Vote in House.-As no one received a
majority, the House proceeded on the same
day to elect a President from the three
highest candidates. This excluded Clay, the
most popular of the candidates in the House.
John Quincy Adams was elected by the
votes of thirteen States; Jackson received
seven, and Crawford four. The electoral
college had elected John C. Calhoun Vice-
President, with 182 votes. In the electoral
college, had three New York men, who were
returned as Clay men, voted in accordance
with their instructions, Clay would have
been one of the three to go to the House,
and the result might have been very dif
ferent. This was the second time that the
House was called upon to choose a Presi
dent.

Political Complexion of Congress.-In the
Nineteenth Congress (1825-1827) the Senate,
of forty-eight members, was made up of
thirty-eight Democrats and ten Whigs; and
the Ilouse, of 213 members, was made up
of seventy-nine Federalists and 134 Demo-
crats. In the Twentieth Congress (1827-
1829) the Senate, of forty-eight members,
was made up of thirty-seven Federalists
and eleven Whigs; and the House. of 213
members, was made up of eighty-five Fed-
eralists and 128 Democrats.

John W. Taylor, of New York, was elected
Speaker of the House in the Nineteenth Con-
gress, which numbered among its members
Edward Everett, of Massachusetts,
and
James K. Polk, of Tennessee.

In 1826 the South American States called
a general congress to meet in Panama and
invited the United States to be represented
(page 884). During the debate on the sub-
ject in the Senate John Randolph referred
to the association of Adams and Clay as
that of the Puritan and the blackleg. A
duel followed between Clay and Randolph.
The disappearance of William Morgan
from Canandaigua, N. Y., Sept. 12, 1826,
gave rise to the Anti-Masonic party.

Indian Affairs.-Numerous treaties were
made with Indians during Adams' adminis-
tration, among them the cession of the lands
of most of the tribes inhabiting territory
east of the Mississippi River and their re-
moval to the Indian Territory. The refusal
of the Creeks to be bound by a treaty signed
by their chiefs formed the subject of special
message by Mr. Adams (page 890).

Tariff.-Two acts relating to the tariff
were passed in this administration-that of
May 22, 1824, and of May 19. 1828. Speak-
ing of the latter in his Fourth Annual Mes-
sage (page 980) President Adams said:
The tariff of the last session was in its
detalls not acceptable to the great interests
of any portion of the Union, not even to
the interests which it was specially intended
to serve. Its object was to balance the
burdens upon native industry imposed by
the operation of foreign laws, but not to

aggravate the burdens of one section of
the Union by the relief afforded to another.
But If any of the duties imposed by
the act only relieve the manufacturer by
aggravating the burden of the planter, let
a careful revisal of its provisions, enlight-
ened by the practical experience of its ef-
fects, be directed to retain those which
impart protection to native industry and re-
move or supply the place of those which
only alleviate one great national interest
by the depression of another."

Internal Improvements.-The policy of
President Adams differed materially in re-
gard to internal improvement from those of
his immediate predecessors. In his Inaugural
Address (page 864) he said: "To pursue
to their consummation those purposes of
improvement in our common condition in-
stituted or recommended by him [Monroe]
will embrace the whole sphere of my obli-
gations. To the topic of internal improve-
ment emphatically urged by him at his
Inauguration, I recur with peculiar satis-
faction. It is that from which, I am satis-
fied, the unborn millions of our poster-
ity who are in future ages to people this
continent will derive their most fervent
gratitude to the founders of the Union:
that in which the beneficent action of its
Government will be most deeply felt and
acknowledged.
The extent and lim-
itation of the powers of the General Gov-
ernment in relation to this transcenden ly
important subject will be settled and ac-
knowledged to the common satisfaction of
all, and every speculative scruple will be
solved by a practical public blessing."

Public Debt.-The public debt of the
United States during the administration of
President Adams stood as follows: Janu-
ary 1, 1826, $81,054,059.99; 1827, $73,-
987,357.20; 1828, $67,475,043.87; 1829,
$58,421,413.67.

In

In his Second Annual Message (page 924)
the President says: "It is well for us,
however, to be admonished of the necessity
of abiding by the maxims of the most
vigilant economy, and of resorting to all
honorable and useful expedients for pur-
suing with steady and inflexible persever-
ance the total discharge of the debt."
his Third Annual Message (page 952) he
says: "The deep solicitude felt by our
citizens of all classes throughout the Union
for the total discharge of the public debt
will apologize for the earnestness with
which I deem it my duty to urge this topic
upon the consideration of Congress-of rec-
ommending to them again the observance
of the strictest economy in the application
of the public funds."

Finance. In his Fourth Annual Message
(page 977), at the close of his administra-
tion, President Adams was able to say:
"The condition and prospects of the revenue
are more favorable than our most sanguing
expectations had anticipated." He reported
a balance in the Treasury, Jan. 1, 1828, of
$5,861,972.83 with a prospect of a balance
of over $5,000.000 on the first of the com-
ing year. "The receipts for the present
year have amounted to near two millions
more than was anticipated at the com-
mencement of the last session of Congress."

Slavery. "The African Slave Trade."
said President Adams in his First Annual
Message (page 875), "has long been exclud-
ed from the use of our flag, and if some few
citizens of our country have continued to
set the laws of the Union, as well as those
of nature and humanity, at defiance by per-
severing in that abominable traffic, it has
been only by sheltering themselves under the
banners of other nations less earnest for
the total extinction of the trade than ours."

But the intensity of feeling with which the
President loathed slavery came out in its
fullest force when, as ex-President, he re-
turned to Congress and, single-handed,
fought the pro-slavery forces and brought
about the repeal of the "gag-law" which the
House tried to enforce against the Abolition.
ists.

Adams, John Quincy:

Annual messages of, 865, 916, 944,
973.
Astronomical observatory, establish-
ment of, recommended by, 789.
Biographical sketch of, 857.
Commissioner to negotiate treaty
with Sweden, nomination of, 254.
Death of, announced and honors to
be paid memory of, 2477.
Election of, notification of, 858.
Reply of, 858.

Finances discussed by, 869, 923, 952,

977.

Foreign Policy discussed by, 862, 868,
884, 895, 903, 922, 950.
Inaugural address of, 860.
Internal Improvements discussed by,
982.

International Congress at Panama
discussed by. (See Panama, Isth-
mus of.)

Minister plenipotentiary of the
United States to the court of Rus-
sia at St. Petersburg appointed by
President Madison, June 26, 1809,
456.

Oath of office, notifies Congress of
time and place of taking, 859.
Portrait of, 856.
Private secretary of, assaulted while
delivering message to Congress, 966.
Proclamations of-

Commercial intercourse with Brit-
ish colonial ports suspended, 941.
Discriminating duties suspended on
vessels of-
Hanover, 970.
Italy, 942.

Facsimile of, opposite 868.
Extraordinary session of Senate,
997.

Reward for apprehension of Willis
Anderson, 943.

Secretary of State, 604.

Correspondence in regard to claims
against France, 834.

State of the Union, discussed by, 865,
916, 944, 978.

Tariff discussed by, 979.

Tribute paid memory of Jefferson
and Adams by, 930.

Adamson Law. (See Railroads, Eight-
hour Day.)

Addison, The, impressment of seamen
from, 2772.

Adelaide, international exhibition at,
discussed, 5116.

of

(See War Depart-

Adjutant General.
ment and Army.)
Administration.-This term is generally
applied to the President and his Cabinet.
The President as chief executive officer of
the nation may direct, without consulta-
tion, the acts of any departmental chief,
guided solely by the Constitution. He is
authorized, however, to consult the heads
Departments. Washington consulted
with his Attorney-General and Secretaries
of State, War, and the Treasury. When in
1798 the Navy Department was established,
Benjamin Stoddert, its chief executive
officer, was admitted to the President's
council. The Postmasters-General were
not called into council until 1829, during
William T. Barry's incumbency. Secre-
taries of the Interior, of Agriculture and of
Commerce and Labor were invited to seats
at the council table immediately upon the
establishment of their Departments.
Admiral.-The highest rank in the United
States Navy. The word is derived from the
Arabic amir-al, and means "chief of the."
It was early used in England as the title of
the commander of the navy. In the United
States the rank was first created especially
to confer honor upon David G. Farragut.

July 11, 1862, upon recommendation of
President Lincoln, Farragut, then referred
to courteously but unofficially as Commo-
dore, received the thanks of Congress for
his distinguished services in capturing New
Orleans and opening the lower Mississippi to
the Union forces. Upon the reorganization
of the navy in the same month he was
placed first on the list of rear-admirals.
Further successes on the lower Mississippi
and in Mobile Bay induced Congress to ex-
press the gratitude of the country by creat-
ing another and higher grade for Farragut
-that of Vice Admiral-in which office he
was confirmed Dec. 21, 1864. After the war
between the States Congress created the
office of Admiral and conferred it upon Far-
ragut July 25, 1866. Vice Admiral David
D. Porter succeeded to the title in 1870, and
upon his death in 1891, the title became ex-
tinct. For distinguished services in the bat-
tle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, George
Dewey was promoted by Congress to be Ad-
miral of the Navy, a grade above admiral
and corresponding to admiral of the fleet in
the British navy and a similar one in other
navies.

The naval appropriation bill of 1915 con-
tained a provision that after June 1 of that
year the commanding officer of the Atlantic
fleet, the Pacific fleet and the Asiatic fleet,
while serving as such, should have the rank
of Admiral, and the officer serving as second
in command of those fleets should have the
rank of Vice Admiral. Under that law
Frank F. Fletcher, Thomas B. Howard and
Walter Cowles were named as Admirals. The
Admiral's flag has a navy blue background,
on which four stars are arranged like the
points of a diamond in the middle of the
pennant. The rank of Admiral in the navy
corresponds to that of General in the army;
that of Vice Admiral to Lieutenant General,
Rear Admiral (first nine class) to Major
General and Rear Admiral (second nine
class) to Brigadier General.

Admiral, revival of grade of, recom-
mended, 6345.

Admiral P. Tordenskiold, The, appro-
priation in behalf of owners of, rec-
ommended, 3328.

Admission of States.-The Declaration of
Independence declares "that these United

Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free
and independent States" (page 4). Its
adoption on July 4, 1775, created as such
the original thirteen States of the Union,
viz. Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Mary-
land, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Vir-
ginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode
Island. Shortly before this date several
of the Colonies had modified their original
charters and established independent local
governments. Oct. 10, 1780, the Continental
Congress passed a resolution providing
that western territory which might be
"ceded to the United States by any par-
ticular State shall be disposed of for the
common benefit of the United States and
be settled and formed into distinct repub
lican States, which shall become members
of the Federal Union and have the same
rights of sovereignty, freedom, and Inde-
pendence as the other States"; and in 1789
the Constitution made its provision for
the admission of new States (page 24).

Most of the States that have been ad-
mitted since the formation of the original
Union have achieved statehood from a con-
dition of territorial organization prescribed
by Congress, although some have not gone
through this process. Such territorial or-
ganization was first established by Con-
gress in July, 1787, when it passed the ordi-
nance providing a government for the
Northwest Territory (q. v.). The method
of direct admission is illustrated by Ver-
mont, which was formed out of territory
claimed by New York and New Hampshire;
Texas, which was annexed; and California,
which was admitted soon after the Mexican
war, without waiting to be organized as a
Territory. The usual steps by which a
Territory becomes a State are: (1) A peti-
tion to Congress expressing the desire of
the people for admission; (2) an enabling
act passed by Congress stating the condi-
tions of admission; (3) the adoption of a
constitution and a form of State govern-
ment by a convention of delegates chosen by
the people; (4) the ratification of the
constitution and the election of State offi-
cers by the people; and (5) a proclamation
by the President announcing that the Terri-
tory has become a State.

The question of the admission of Kansas
under a constitution which permitted slav-
ery or one which forbade it became a na-
tional political question between 1856 and
1859. Pro-slavery and anti-slavery par-
tisans sent colonists into the territory to
help form a constitution, and the animosi-
ties between these became so bitter as to
cause riot and bloodshed. (See Kansas;
Lecompton Constitution; Wyandotte Con-
stitution.)

Provisions for the admission of New
Mexico and Arizona into the Union as
States were made by Chapter 310 of the
acts of the Second Session of the sixty-first
Congress, approved June 20, 1910. Con-
stitutional conventions were held in both
Territories under the provisions of the
above-mentioned act. State Constitutions
were framed and submitted to the people
for ratification and were adopted. The
Constitution of Arizona having contained
a provision providing for the recall of the
judiciary by the electors and the Constitu-
tion of New Mexico having contained a
clause "attempting to annul and set aside
the boundary lines heretofore legally run"
between the Territory of New Mexico and
the State of Texas, said Constitutions falled
to receive the approval of the President and
Congress.

At the First Session of the sixty-second
Congress, a joint resolution "to admit the

Territories of New Mexico and Arizona
upon an equal footing with the original
States" was adopted, which admitted both
Territories to statehood conditionally; the
condition being the elimination of the objec-
tionable provisions from the State Consti-
tutions adopted by the people of the re-
spective Territories. This elimination was
finally agreed to. The first state to be joined
to the original union of thirteen states was
Vermont, in 1791; and the last, Arizona, in
1912.

The following table shows the order and
date of admission to the Union of the sev-
eral states, as well as the order and date
of ratification of the Constitution by the
original states: