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Adobe State.-A nickname for New Mex-
ico (q. v.). (See also States.)
Adriatic Sea, islands in, disposition of,
discussed, 8704, 8707.

Adulterated Foods, regulation of inter-
state traffic in, 7012.

Ad Valorem Duty. -Duty on imported
goods, based on the value thereof.
Aeronautics.-The science of navigating
the air has an authentic history dating
back to A. D. 67. The free flying balloon
or aerostat is a spherical bag filled with gas
whose specific gravity is lighter than the
air near the surface of the earth; it can-
not be steered, and is at the mercy of the
air currents.

A dirigible balloon has an elongated en-
velope, and is equipped with a motor, pro-
pellers and a rudder, and can be steered in
a moderate wind.

Flying machines which are not lifted in-
to the air by gas bags are generally known
as aeroplanes. They are respectively class-
ified as monoplanes, biplanes, triplanes, etc.,
according as they consist of one or a num-
ber of plane surfaces.

The French army, in a battle with the
Austrians at Mauberge, June 13, 1794, used
an aerial vessel for reconnoitering the posi
tion of the enemy, and balloons were used
during the civil war in the United States
and by the French at the siege of Paris.

Experiments with plane surfaces driven
at high speed were first successful in 1843,
when the English inventor Henson flew
the first aeroplane. In America the pion-
eers in mechanical flight were Octave
Chanute, of Chicago, and A. M. Herring.

The first substantial advance in flying
machines was made by Lilienthal in Ger-
many, in the seventies and eighties. His
researches, followed by practical demonstra-
tion of aeroplanes, have formed the basis of
all subsequent achievement. Professor
Langley, of the Smithsonian Institution in
Washington, began experimenting in 1885,
and flew across the Potomac River in 1896.
The Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville,
following the lines of Langley and Lilien-
thal, made their first flights under motor
power in 1903. July 4, 1908, Glenn H.
Curtiss flew in a biplane at the rate of
forty miles an hour.

In the earlier machines, the pilot's legs
dangled below the wings, and the many
wires which braced the wings cut the air in
such a manner as to cause many cross-cur-
rents. The newer machines have the parts
enclosed as far as possible in a boat-like
body. There is often more than one pro-
peller.

A modern plane represents about 4,000
hours of work for its construction. The
frame is usually made of mild steel or of
spruce, which for an equal weight has al-
most three times the strength of steel. The
wings are of linen covered with four or five
coats of varnish, cotton and silk proving
for this purpose less durable than linen.

On May 15, 1918, mail service by aero-
plane was inaugurated between New York
and Washington, with stops at Philadelphia.
The flying time between New York and
Philadelphia was scheduled at one hour and
between Philadelphia and Washington at
two hours. The service was then extended
to other cities.

As had been foreseen, the development of
the aeroplane practically revolutionized the
practice of warfare in the World War.

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The complete eclipse of these figures by
later, if unofficial, figures may be under-
stood by mention of the facts that as long
ago (from the standpoint of the develop-
ment of aviation) as 1916 a distance of 807
miles was attained and a height of 24,408
feet. In 1917, a distance of 920 miles was
attained.

In May, 1919, an airplane of the United
States Navy, the NC-4. crossed the Atlantic
Ocean, making a landing en route at the
Azores Islands. The start was from Rock-
away Beach, New York; then to Chatham.
where it was forced to descend; then to
Halifax; then to Trepassey; then across the
ocean to the Azores, a flight of 15 hours:
then to Ponta Delgada. Portugal, ending the
flight at Plymouth, England. The plane was
commanded by A. C. Read, and piloted by
E. F. Stone and W. Hilton, and was the only
one of the four planes of the Navy attempt-
ing the flight to accomplish it. A string of
destroyers of the Navy was stationed along
the path mapped out for the aviators from
Canada to Portugal.

In June, 1919, Captain Alcock and Lieu-
tenant Brown, of Great Britain, flew with-
out stop, and without the protection of a
string of destroyers, directly across the
Atlantic Ocean from Halifax to Ireland. A
previous attempt at such a flight. made by
Harry Hawker and M. Grieve in May, 1919.
had come to grief in mid-ocean. Alcock and
Brown made their distance of 1,980 miles
in 16 hours and 12 minutes.

In the fall of 1919, a number of United
States Army planes flew across the country
from ocean to ocean, and then returned to
their starting point, completing a round trip.

Other records of 1919 included an altitude
record of 34,600 feet, a duration record of
20 hours, a sustained speed of 148 miles an
hour, and a temporary speed of 220 miles
an hour.

Aeronautics, Director of Military, cre-
ated and duties assigned, 8514, 8516.
Aeroplane.-An airship which is heavier
than air, as distinguished from lighter-than-
air machines, such as balloons or Zeppelins
(q. v.). See also Aeronautics.
Aeroplane, American vessel attacked by,
8062.

Aero Squadron, for army, 8106.

Afghanistan (called Khorassan by the
natives) is an independent Asiatic state
on the northwest frontier of India. Its
area is estimated at 246,000 English
square miles and its population at 6,000.
000. It is bounded on the west by Per-
sia, on the south by British Baluchistan,
on the north by Russia in Asia, and on
the east by the Punjaub and northwest
Frontier Provinces of British India.

Ethnography.-The population is mixed.
The Afghans (or Duranis) have been pre
dominant since 1747, especially in Kanda.

bar. Next came the Ghilzais (military
and commercial) and the Tajiks (aborigi
nals, who are cultivators or retail trad
ers). On the Indo-Afghan frontier are
many Pathan tribes, who are much influ-
enced by the mullahs. All are Sunni Mo-
hammedans, except the Hazaras and Kizil-
bashes, who belong to the Shiite sect.
The national tongue is Pushtu. Recently
steps have been taken to develop educa-
tion, hitherto controlled by the mullahs.

Physical Features.-Mountains, chief
among which are the Hindu Kush, cover
three-fourths of the country, the eleva-
tion being generally over 4,000 feet. There
are three great river basins, the Oxus, the
Helmand, and the Kabul. The climate is
dry, with extreme temperatures in winter
and summer.

Government.-Amir of Afghanistan and
of its Dependencies, Habibuliah Khan
("Lamp of the National Religion") suc-
ceeded his father (Abdurrahan Khan)
Oct. 3, 1901. The Amir (Abdur Rah-
man Khan) established a strong central
government and introduced a regular_civil
and military organization, including officers
for public works, posts, police, finance and
trade, etc. For the purposes of local gov
ernment, the country is divided into six
provinces, Kabul, Kandahar, Herat, Turk-
estan, Farrar and Badakshan (with Ka-
fristan and Wakhan), which are under
governors (hakim), with subordinate no-
bles and judges, police and revenue offi-
cers. The Afghan laws are Islamic sacred
laws, tribal laws, and those of the Amir,
who is the Court of Appeal. The law is
bulky and the criminal law severe.

Foreign Relations.-By agreement with
the Amir, the "buffer State" of Afghan-
istan has no foreign relations with any
Power except the Government of India.
The modern history of Afghanistan dates
from 1881, when Abdurrahan was recog
nized as ruler. The British Government
engaged to preserve the safety and integ-
rity of Afghanistan against any unpro-
voked attack, provided that the Amir acted
as a friend and ally. By the Anglo-Rus-
sian convention of August, 1907, Russia
declared Afghanistan outside the Russian
sphere of influence, and engaged to
duct all her political relations with Af-
ghanistan through Great Britain, and that
Great Britain and Russia should enjoy
equality of commercial facilities.

con-

Production and Industry and Commerce.—
Most of the people are industrious cultl-
vators, and the country has become fairly
settled, peaceful and prosperous. There is
excellent irrigation and all profitable soil is
utilized. There are generally two crops
a year, one of wheat (the staple food),
barley, or lentils; the other of rice, millet,
maize and dal, while the country is rich
in fruits. Sheep and transport animals
are bred. The manufactures include silk,
woolen and hair cloths, and carpets. Salt,
silver, copper, coal, iron, lead, rubies and
gold are found. The exports to India are
mainly fruits and nuts, raw wool, and
ghi; while the imports therefrom are chief-
ly cotton yarn and piece goods, metals,
leather goods, tea and sugar. The Af-
ghan customs dutles are heavy. There is
a large export of wool to Persia and Rus-
sla, cotton and silk goods, sugar, etc.,
being taken in exchange.

Transportation.-The roads are generally
unsuitable for wheeled traffic, but are be
Ing improved. Goods are conveyed by
pack-animals. The chlef trade routes to
india are the Khaibar Pass, from Kabul

to Peshawar (191 miles), along which a
motor service has been established by the
Amir, and the road from Kandahar to
Quetta (125 miles). The Sind-Pishin
railway terminates at Chaman, on the
frontier, 65 miles from Kandahar, from
which a fine road of 318 miles runs to
Kabul.

Towns.-Capital, Kabul, (about 180.000).
The chief commercial center is Kandahar
(40,000). (See also Asia.)

Afognak Island (in Gulf of Alaska,
separated from Alaskan Peninsula by
Shelikof Strait), lands in, set apart
as public reservation by proclama
tion, 5795.

Africa. The area of Africa is 12 mil-
lion square miles, about three times that
of Europe. Its extreme longitudes are 17°
W. at Cape Verde and 51° E. at Cape
Guardafui. The extreme latitudes are
Cape Blanco in 37° N. and Cape Agulhas
in 35° S., at a distance of about 5,000
miles. It is surrounded by seas on all
sides, except in the narrow isthmus
through which is cut the Suez Canal, and
may be considered as a great peninsula of
the Eurasian continent.

The area and estimated population of Af-
rica, according to its political subdivisions,
are as follows:

British, including

8q. Miles Population

Egypt and Sudan.. 4,209,000 57,900,000
French, including Mo-

rocco....

Belgian
Portuguese
Italian
Spanish
Independent

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....

4,946,000

42,607,000

929,000 15,500,000

794,000 8,245,000

591,000 1,378,000

85,000 236,000
415,000 9,250,000

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Ow-

except the Arias, though isolated peaks
rise to a considerable elevation in Abys-
sinia, in East Africa (Kenya, Kiliman-
jaro and Ruwenzori), and in West Africa
(Kamerun Peak). If an irregular line is
drawn from a point on the West Coast,
a little south of the Equator, to a point
near the middle of the Red Sea, Africa
can be divided into two nearly equal parts
which differ considerably in character.
The northwestern part comprises two re-
gions of comparative lowland separated
by the Atlas and the plateaus of Tibesti
and Tasili. The southeastern part con-
sists of great masses of highlands and pla-
teaus broken up by river valleys. The
rivers of Africa drain into the Atlantic,
the Mediterranean, and the Indian Ocean.
Both the Senegal and Gambia are navi-
gable for some distance in the rainy sea-
son. The most important river which
flows into the Gulf of Guinea is the Niger.
The Congo rises in the plateau southwest
of Lake Tanganyika. From Stanley Falls
to Stanley Pool, a broad, navigable river
flows for 1,000 miles. As these are them-
selves great rivers, an enormous amount of
water is carried down to the mouth.
ing to the depth of the ocean, the sedi-
ment deposited does not r ach the surface
in the form of a delta, but forms subma-
rine ridges 5,000 feet in height for over
300 miles on each side of its ocean chan-
nel. The Orange River rises in the Drak-
ensberg Mountains not far from the East
Coast and receives the Vaal and other
large rivers. The Nile rises in the south
of Victoria Nyanza, the largest lake in Af-
rica, of about the area of Scotland, and
breaks through the plateau to the north
by the Murchison Falls into the Albert
Nyanza, some 1,600 feet below the level of
the larger lake. Owing to the flat char-
acter of the country and the large amount
of water which has no sufficient outlet, an
extensive swamp vegetation, the "sudd,"
has been formed in this part of its course.
At Khartum it receives the Blue Nile,
which, with the other Abyssinian rivers,
is largely the source of the Nile floods,
due to the monsoon ains of the Abyssin-
ian Plateau, and further north the At-
bara, which brings down the alluvium
which has helped to fertilize Egypt. From
this point it receives no permanent tribu-
taries and navigation is hindered by six
cataracts, of which the first is at Assuan.
The extensive delta formed north of Cairo,
where the Nile leaves its long narrow val
ley, is the most fertile area in North Af
rica. Between the Nile and Tunis the
Sahara reaches the Mediterranean and
there are no permanent streams. The Sa-
hara is partly occupied by plateaus and
mountains and partly by steppes and des-
erts which contain oases. Africa is cut by
the Equator nearly halfway between its
extreme points, so that rather more than
three-quarters of the continent lies with-
in the Tropics and receives the sun's
rays vertically at least once a year. Ex-
cept on the more lofty mountains, Africa
has no areas with cold winters, where the
temperature is 32° F. or less for one
month, or cool summers, which are less
than 50° F. in any month. It is, therefore,
typical generally of tropical rather than
temperate conditions, in which there is no
resting season for vegetation, except in
consequence of want of rain.

Ethnography.-Four main groups of na-
tive races may be distinguished in Africa,
the Semitic and Hamitic, belonging to the
Caucasic type in the north, the Negro, and
the Hottentot and Bushmen in the south.

Political Divisions.-Because of the com-
parative backwardness of the civilization of
Africa most of that continent has been oc-
cupied by European nations; and the only
independent nations there at present are
Abyssinia and Liberia. Egypt and Mo-
rocco are theoretically independent, but in
actuality the former, along with Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan, is controlled by Great
Britain and the latter by France and Spain.
The Union of South Africa, although nomi-
nally a part of the British Empire, enjoys
self-government nearly corresponding to
independence.

The Powers with the most extensive pos-
sessions in Africa are Great Britain and
France. Each of them has a solid block of
territory, with certain non-contiguous col-
onies. The solid block of British territory
extends from the Mediterranean to the Cape
of Good Hope. Roughly, it takes in the
southern end of the continent, then swings
northwestward to the east coast along the
Indian Ocean and then proceeds almost due
north through the Sudan and Egypt. The
great solid block of French territory lies in
the northwest of Africa. Its centre is the
Sahara Desert, with Algeria on the north,
a number of colonies comprising French
West Africa along the Atlantic seaboard,
and cutting through the centre of Africa,
between Nigeria and Belgian Congo (French
Equatorial Africa) to extend along the At-
lantic below the equator.

BRITISH POSSESSIONS comprise the
Union of South Africa and Southwest Af-
rica, held by it under mandate of the League
of Nations, Bechuanaland, Basutoland. Rho-
desia, Swaziland, Nyasaland, Tanganyika
(under mandate), Uganda, British Kamerun
(under mandate), Kenya, Egypt and Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan, Gambla, British Togoland
(under mandate), Sierra Leone, Gold Coast,
Nigeria, Somaliland and the islands men-
tioned above.

Southwest Africa is the former German
Southwest Africa, captured by British South
African forces during the World War and
assigned by the League of Nations to the
Union of South Africa under a mandate. It
lies between Angola on the north and the
Union of South Africa (Cape Province) on
the south and between the Atlantic on the
west and Rhodesia on the east. It was ac-
quired by Germany in the last two decades
of the nineteenth century. The protectorate,
with an area of 322,400 square miles, 1s
largely barren, with a population of only
190,000 natives, mostly in the north, and
20,000 Europeans. The capital is Windhuk.
The output of the diamond mines is valu-
able, and copper, tin and marble also are
worked. Southwest Africa is essentially a
stock-raising country and there is practi
cally no agriculture.

Bechuanaland lies east of Southwest Af-
rica, between the Molopo River on the south
and the Zambesi on the north. Its area is
about 275,000 square miles, with a popula-
tion of some 130,000 natives and 5,000 Euro-
peans. The territory was declared within
the British sphere in 1885. The country is
used chiefly for grazing, the aridity prevent-
ing much agriculture. Maize and kaffir corn,
however, are raised to a slight extent. The
telegraph and railroad proceeding northward
from the Cape of Good Hope traverse the
colony.

Basutoland is a plateau northeast of the
Cape of Good Hope Province of the Union
of South Africa, with an area of 11,716
square miles and a population of some 425,-
000 natives and 3,000 Europeans. It was
brought under the British Crown in 1884.
Much grain is raised, and the excellent
grasses have led to much cattle-raising also.
Recent foreign trade has been above $5,000,-
000 annually. The capital is Maseru.

Swaziland is at the southeastern corner
of the Transvaal. It has an area of 6,678
square miles and a population of about 105,-
000, of whom about 2,000 are Europeans.
There is much grazing of cattle, especially
in the winter. The staple agricultural prod-
uct is maize, but other crops also are grown
in small quantities. Tin is the only mineral
mined.

Tanganyika Territory is the former Ger-
man East Africa, acquired by Germany in
1885-1890, occupied by Allied troops in
1915-1918 and administered by the British
Empire under mandate from the League of
Nations after the World War, with a section
of the western border administered by Bel-
glum. The area is about 365,000 square
miles and the population, around 3,500,000.
The country is fertile and there is much
agriculture as well as cattle-raising. There
are a number of plantations of cocoa-palms,
coffee, caoutchouc, sugar and cotton. Sisal
and other fibre plants also are cultivated.
There are several railroads, and good po-
tential harbors along the coast. The forests
are especially valuable. There have been
found many traces of mineral deposits and
valuable stones, especially garnets.
In a
recent year, the foreign trade amounted to
more than $12,000,000, the chief exports in
order of value being sisal, hides, coffee,
copra, grain and cotton. The capital is
Dar-es-Salaam.

The

Kenya Colony is the former East Africa
Protectorate, and includes a strip of land
leased from the Sultan of Zanzibar.
area is about 246,000 square miles, and the
population, about 2,800,000. Mombasa, the
largest town, with a population of 30,000,
has an excellent harbor. The capital is
Nairobi (15,000). The agricultural products
of the lowlands are chiefly tropical, includ-
ing rice, maize, cocoanuts, and in the high-
lands practically all crops of the temperate
zones are grown. Sisal hemp, rubber and
cotton are cultivated. The area under wheat
and maize is rapidly extending and there
are many coffee plantations. Ostrich farm-
ing is an established industry and dairying
is a profitable concomitant of the stock-
raising. The forests, especially in the high-
lands, are very valuable, but few minerals
have been found. There are more than 600
miles of railway and 3,500 miles of tele-
graph, and the colony is well provided with
roads. In a recent year, the foreign trade,
including that of Uganda and the Congo,
was valued at more than $30,000,000, the
chief export being cotton (chiefly from
Uganda), followed by coffee, carbonate of
soda and fibres.

Gambia fell under British control in the
latter part of the eighteenth century. It
has an area of 4,134 square miles, with a
population of 250,000. Capital, Bathurst.
In a recent year, the foreign trade, includ-

ing specie, was valued at more than $8,500,-
000. The principal export is ground nuts.

Nigeria, formerly owned by the Royal
Niger Company, was declared under British
protection in 1884-7, and taken over by the
Crown in the following years. Lagos is the
capital, the whole territory being divided
into the Northern and the Southern Prov.
inces. The total area is about 332,000 square
miles, with a population of some 17,500,000.
The chief products are palm-oil and -kernels,
rubber, ground-nuts, shea-butter, ivory,
hides, live stock, ostrich feathers, capsicums,
cotton, cocoa, coffee. Tobacco is grown and
there are rubber plantations. Mahogany is
exported. The deposits of tin are
valuable and iron, lead and coal also are
very
worked. There are about 1,200 miles of rail-
way, several thousand miles of telegraph,
about 150 post-offices. There are a number
of ports, and the many navigable streams
form the chief method of transport, al-
though much of the considerable trade in
the north is done by means of caravans.
In a recent year the foreign trade, includ-
ing specie, was valued at more than $125,-
000,000, the chief exports, in order of value,
being palm-kernels and oil, tin ore, hides
and skins, cocoa, ground-nuts and raw
cotton.

Somaliland or Somali Coast was admin-
istered by the Government of India after
1884, when Egyptian control ceased. The
area is about 68,000 square miles and the
population, chiefly Mohammedan and no-
madic, about 300,000. The chief town is
Berbera, with a population of about 30,000.
In a recent year, the foreign trade amounted
to about $3,500,000, the chief exports being
hides and skins, gum and resin, and sheep
and cattle.

Zanzibar was declared a British protec-
torate in 1890. The chief industry is the
clove, of which Zanzibar and Pemba furnish
most of the world's supply, followed by the
cocoanut and the copra. In a recent year,
the foreign trade, including bullion and
specie, was valued at slightly more than
$20,000,000.

British Togoland represents the western
third of the former German colony of Togo-
land, acquired by Germany in 1884 and
occupied by the Allies in the World War.
It has an area of about 12,500 square miles
and a population of about 300,000. Eco-
nomic conditions are similar to those of
French Togoland (see below).

British Kamerun is a western strip of
Kamerun, held by mandate of the League
of Nations. The area is about 30,000 square
miles and the population, about 400,000.
Chief exports-palm products, rubber, ivory,

сосов.

Nyasaland lles between Northern Rhodesia
and Lake Nyasa, whence it extends toward
the Zambesi. It has an area of 39,573
square miles and an estimated population
of some 1,200,000. There is much cultiva-
tion and exportation of coffee, tobacco, cot-
ton and tea. There is also much cattle-
raising. In a recent year, exclusive of specie
and transit trade, the exports were valued
at $2,000,000 and the imports at $2,500,000.
There is a railroad about 200 miles long,
and a telegraph line connecting with Cape
Town northward to Tanganyika passes
through the protectorate.

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Rhodesia.

Sierra Leone.

Sudan.

Uganda.

Union of South Africa.

St. Helena.
FRENCH POSSESSIONS.-The French
possessions in Africa comprise Algeria, Tu-
nis, Morocco, French Equatorial Africa,
French Togoland (under mandate from the
League of Nations), French Somali Coast,
French West Africa and the Sahara, Mada-
gascar and the other islands mentioned
above, and Kamerun (under mandate from
the League of Nations).

Kamerun became a German protectorate
in 1884. In 1911, it was increased by 107,-
270 square miles ceded by France from
French Congo as a result of German con-
cessions to France in Morocco. During the
World War, it was occupied by French and
British troops and after the war given to
France under a mandate from the League
of Nations, with the exception of a strip
along the northern boundary mandated to
Great Britain, about 30,000 square miles in
area. The area of French Kamerun is 273,-
759 square miles, with a population esti-
mated at 3,500,000. In a recent year, the
foreign trade amounted to about $4,000,000.
The principal products and exports are cof-
fee, tobacco, palm-oil, ivory, cacao, rubber.
There are about 360 miles of railway and
almost as many of good roads. The chief
town is Duala.

Ivory Coast was claimed by France as
early as 1843, but was not occupied until
1883. It has an area of about 122.000
square miles and a population of some
1,400,000. The natives grow maize, rice and
fruits and Europeans cultivate coffee and
cocoa plantations. Rubber and mahogany
also are collected. In a recent year, the
foreign trade was valued at about $10,000,-
000, the chief exports in order of value
being palm-oil and -kernels, mahogany, co-
coa, rubber and coffee.

French Sudan is composed of the larger
part of the territory formerly known as
Upper Senegal-Niger. It has an area of
about 617,600 square miles and a popula-
tion of 2,200,000. The chief agricultural
products are ground-nuts, rubber,
maize, millet, rice and cotton. There is
much cattle-raising.

gum,

Upper Volta Colony is the southern sec-
tion of the former Upper Senegal-Niger ter-
ritory. It has an area of about 154,400
square miles and a population of about
3,000,000.

Mauritania lies to the northwest of the
Sahara Desert, with an area of about 345,-
000 square miles and a population of 255,-
000, chiefly Moorish Mussulmans.

French Togoland represents about two-
thirds of the former German colony of Togo-
land, acquired by Germany in 1884 and
occupied by Allied forces during the World
War. The western third, adjoining the Gold
Coast, was assigned to Great Britain. The
French territory has an area of 20,072
square miles and a population of 750,000.
The climate is moist and unhealthful, but
there are rich deposits of iron ore and other
minerals. The chief exports are сосов,
copra and palm-oil products, but in addition
the natives raise a little maize and rice and

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BELGIAN POSSESSIONS comprise the
large stretch of territory known as Belgian
Congo and in addition à southwestern por-
tion of the former German territory of Ger-
man East Africa, administered under man-
date from the League of Nations. (See
Tanganyika, above, Congo Free State and
Belgium.)

PORTUGUESE POSSESSIONS comprise
Angola (Portuguese West Africa), Mozam-
bique (Portuguese East Africa), Portuguese
Guinea and the islands mentioned above.

Angola has belonged to the Portuguese
since 1575. It has an area of about 485,000
square miles and a population of some
2,200,000. In a recent year, the foreign
trade was valued at about $20,000,000. The
chief exports are coffee, rubber and dried
fish, but there is also trade in oils, wax,
cocoanuts, ivory. Tobacco and cotton also
are grown, and asphalt and petroleum are
worked. There are other valuable mineral
deposits.

For the other possessions, see Portugal.

SPANISH POSSESSIONS comprise Rio de
Oro, Spanish Guinea, Spanish Morocco and
the islands mentioned above. (See Spain
and Morocco.)

ITALIAN POSSESSIONS comprise Eri-
trea, Italian Somaliland, Tripoli and Cyre-
naica (Libia). (See the articles under these
headings.)

INDEPENDENT NATIONS are Abyssinia
and Liberia (q.v.).
Africa:

Agents sent to, to receive slaves
taken from vessels, 633.

Citizens of United States must not

violate rights of inhabitants of, 396.
German colonies in, mandatory system
for, 8679.

Natives of, in slavery. (See African
Slave Trade.)

Naval force of United States sta-
tioned on coast of, referred to,
2173, 3071.
Repressing liquor trade in, sugges-
tions made by Belgium, 6363, 6425.
Slavery on coast of, 4160.

Vessels of United States seized on
coast of, 1857, 3017.

Africa, The, attempted seizure of Mr.
Fauchet by commander of, 3344.
African Slave Trade.-Prior to the discov
ery of America, negroes, like other savage
races, either enslaved or put to death the
captives taken in war. The deportation of
the captives to the mines and plantations
of the New World increased the value of
the African and made slavery rather than
death the prisoner's fate. This disposition

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