and offenses against the State specified in the acts are so obliterated that they can never again be charged against the guilty parties. When amnesty is proclaimed without restriction as to persons or localities it is called absolute. Numerous instances of qualified amnesty are found in ancient and modern history. When Thrasybulus overthrew the oligarchy at Athens he proclaimed an amnesty, excepting thirty tyrants and a few of their followers. President Lincoln's first amnesty proclamation excepted all officers or agents of the Confederate government, all army officers above the rank of colonel, all naval officers above the rank of lieutenant, all persons who left the service of the United States to participate in the insurrection, and all those who had resigned from the military or naval service and afterwards participated in rebellion; also all those who had treated colored persons or those in charge of them otherwise than as prisoners of war (3414). Dec. 25, 1868, President Johnson proclaimed absolute amnesty (3906). Amnesty (see also Pardons): For insurgent Filipinos, 6690. Proclamation of President Roosevelt, 6718. Proclamations of President Johnson, 3508, 3745, 3853, 3906. whom special pardons issued, re- Recommendations of President Grant regarding, 4107, 4209. Referred to, 3659, 3669, 3722, 3779. Amphion, H. R. M. S., protects American interests, 6768. Amphitrite, The, mentioned, 6318. Accounts of bankers of United States in, rendered, 113. Loan contracted with, discussed by President Washington, 120. Anarchism. The philosophy which desires a society without forcible government by the state. All agreements between the different groups, local, national and international, in an anarchist state would be voluntary, although it would be necessary for the individual to align himself voluntarily with others in order to facilitate the processes of production and consumption, if he wanted to obtain the benefits of such processes. Ownership of land and capital would be common, and all the agreements by which the individual would bind himself would be constantly subject to revision. The end which anarchism seeks thereby to obtain is the free development of individuality. Minor, which comprises the peninsula at the western extremity of Asia having the Black Sea on the north, the Aegean Sea on the west and the Mediterranean Sea on the south. One of the most famous theatres of ancient history, its present population is in the neighborhood of 9,000,000. It comprised the section of the Turkey before 1914 which was the most largely composed of Turks, who were estimated to be about 7,000,000 strong. In its 200,000 square miles were also in 1914 some 567,000 Armenians, 975,000 other Christians and 180,000 Jews. Anatolia College (Marsovan, Turkey), partial destruction of by mob, and indemnity paid for, discussed, 5872. Ancona, note to Austria-Hungary on sinking of, 8117. Andorra. -A neutral, autonomous and semiindependent state on the frontier of France and Spain in the Eastern Pyrenees. Area, 175 English square miles. Population, about 6,000. Government and People.-The State is divided into the six communes or parishes of Andorra Vicilla, Canillo, Encamp, Massana, Orvino and San Julian de Loria, which are sub-divided into fifty-two pueblos; and is under the joint suzerainty of France and the Spanish Bishop of Urgel The Andorrans are all Roman Catholics. The people are virile and independent, engaged mainly in pastoral pursuits and agriculture. France has agreed to extend a branch line of railway (from Toulouse to Ax), from Ax southwards to Andorra Vicilla, and Spain to continue the Barcelona-Ripoll line to Andorra Vicilla, which would thus be come a station on a Toulouse-Barcelona line across the Pyrenees. The central gov ernment is administered by a General Council of twenty-four members (four from each commune), the executive power residing in the Syndic and Vice-Syndic of the Council. The French Republic (through the préfet of the Eastern Pyreuces) and the Bishop of Urgel receive 8 tribute of 960 fr. and 460 fr. respectively. Every alternate year two delegates visit the préfet of the Eastern Pyrenees to pay the tribute and renew the bond of fidelity. The capital is Andorro Vicilla, population 600. Anglo-American.-An American of English birth or descent. Loosely, any such person who maintains a divided allegiance between England and the United States, with preference for the former. Angola. (See Portugal.) bu Animal Industry, Bureau of. -This reau of the Department of Agriculture (q. v.) makes a study of diseases of animals, including chemical, bacteriological, and zoological investigations. Its activities include dairying and animal breeding and feeding. The administrative work of the bureau consists of the inspection of import and export animals and of vessels for their transportation; supervision of the interstate movements of cattle and inspection of live stock and their products after slaughter for food consumption: eradication of animal diseases: supervision of serums for use with animals; and management of experimental farms at Beltsville and Bethesda, Md. Fighting diseases among domestic animals, is the important task of this bureau, and some idea of the magnitude of the work may be gained from the statement conservatively made by the officials, estimated on the basis of data for thirty years, that the annual direct losses from animal diseases are approximately $212,000,000. Some of the most virulent diseases are hog cholera, Texas fever and cattle ticks, tuberculosis, contagious abortion, blackleg, anthrax, foot and mouth disease. glanders, scabies of sheep and cattle, parasites, and poultry diseases. The efforts of the bureau bave materially lessened all of these. Inspection of meats by the agents of the Bureau of Animal Industry in one recent year covered a total of 896 establishments, situated in 247 cities and towns in the United States. The number of animals inspected at the time of slaughter was approximately 58,000,000, divided as follows: Cattle, 6,964,000; calves. 1,735,000; goats, 165,000; sheep. 12,900,000; swine, 36.247,000, The carcasses condemned on this inspection and destroyed to prevent their use for human food numbered 290,600. This bureau co-operates with the state colleges in the formation of boys' pig clubs, and under its patronage these clubs now exist in thirteen states and have a membership of about 10,000. The dairy division of the bureau has for its object the improvement of dairy herds. In this connection co-operative bull associations are formed, and farmers are assisted in the organization of co-operative creameries and furnished advice regarding buildings, equipment, operation and management. When a sufficient number of patrons is reported, with enough COWS to make the establishment of creamery practicable, the department furnishes blue-print plans for a building and machinery with estimates of cost. Practical assistance is given also in creamery man agement. Animal Industry, Bureau of: a Appropriation for, 5887, 5979. Inspector and assistant inspector in, recommendation that diplomas and examinations be required of applicants for, 5887. Report of, 6734, 6857. (See also Agriculture, Department of.) Animals and Animal Products. (See also Agricultural Products.) Commission appointed to report on unhealthfulness of, discussed and recommendations regarding, 4793. Contagious diseases among animals discussed, 4578, 4580, 4771, 5112, 5383, 5764, 5887, 6948. Exportation of, discussed, 4578, 5554, Importation of, into United States- Laws prohibiting, in certain cases Proclamation removing prohibition on, 6025. Preserves for native animals, recom- Restrictions upon importation of, in- Belgium, 5956, 6325. France, 4693, 4758, 4789, 4916, 5194, 5545. Germany, 4758, 4789, 4916, 5957, Great Britain, 4519, 5764, 6178. France regarding, 5517. Germany, France, Belgium, and Removed, 5616, 5641, 5763. Annals of Congress.-A record of the debates and proceedings of Congress from the commencement of the First Congress, March 4, 1789, to the close of the first session of the Eighteenth Congress, May 27, 1824. The Annals also contain many valuable State papers, public documents, laws, and much correspondence. (See Congressional Globe; Congressional Record; Register of Debates.) Annam. A French protectorate in China, forming a part of French IndoChina. Annapolis, Md.: Act for erection of public building Naval Academy at. (See Naval Annexation.-After the adoption of the Federal Constitution the individual states ceded to the United States all territory west of the lines they established as their western boundaries. In the original charters this territory extended nominally to the Pacific Ocean, but really only to the Mississippi River, for Louisiana and Florida were Spanish possessions. In 1800 Louisiama was retroceded by Spain to France, and was acquired by the United States from the latter April 30, 1803, by payment of $15,000,000. The territory embraced all of the present State of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi River, together with New Orleans and the adjacent district east; Arkansas, Missouri, 10wa, a portion of Adams, John, 240, 261, 279, 295. Wilson, 7906, 8015, 8102, 8183, 8399, Annual Messages of President- Adams, John (addresses), 240, 261, Adams, J. Q., 865, 916, 944, 973. Harrison, Benj., 5467, 5542, 5615, Hayes, 4410, 4444, 4509, 4553. 1107, 1154, 1238, 1316, 1366, 1455. Johnson, 3551, 3643, 3756, 3870. Monroe, 580, 608, 623, 642, 667, 754, Pierce, 2740, 2806, 2860, 2930. Taft, 7409. 7492, 7644, 7766. Taylor, 2547. Tyler, 1927, 2047, 2110, 2187. Antarctic Regions. Lands discovered Explorations-Cook (1772) reached lat. For a description of the discovery of Anthracite Coal: Investigation of industry urged by As Removal of tariff on, urged, 6714. dealt with by members of the Masonic order, as all attempts to discover his whereabouts were unavailing. The oft-reiterated charges aroused a bitter opposition to the order, and Thurlow Weed began the publication of the Anti-Masonic Enquirer at Rochester. In 1827 a convention was held by the Anti-Masons of Genesee County at Le Roy, N. Y., and a political party organized. It was claimed that many of the State officials were Masons and regarded their fraternal obligations as more binding than their civil oaths. The Anti-Masonic feeling grew rapidly. The party cast 33,000 votes in New York State in 1828, 70,000 in 1829, and 128,000 in 1830, though many of the latter were anti-Jackson men regardless of Masonry. In September, 1830, a national convention met at Philadelphia, Francis Granger, of New York, presiding. In 1831 they nomInated William Wirt for President, but carried only the State of Vermont. In 1835, through a Democratic split, they elected JoAfseph Ritner governor of Pennsylvania. ter this date the Anti-Masonic party declined as rapidly as it had arisen. Anti-Monarchical.-Opposed to a monarchial form of government. Anti-Monopoly Party.-The Anti-Monopoly Organization of the United States met at Chicago, May 14, 1884, and nominated Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, for the Presidency. It adopted a platform deranding economical government, and the enactment and enforcement of equitable laws, including an Interstate Commerce Law (one has since been enacted), establishing Labor Bureaus, providing Industrial Arbitration, a direct vote for Senators, a graduated income tax, payment of the national debt as it matures, and "fostering care" for agriculture; while it denounced the tariff and the grant of land to corporations. Their nominee was also selected by the Greenback Labor party, the joint ticket being known as the People's party. It polled 130.000 votes. Anti-Nebraska.-Opposed to the KansasNebraska act (q. v.). was Anti-Saloon League. - The federation of the forty-eight state organizations opposed to the manufacture and sale of alcoholle liquors and largely responsible for the advent of national prohibition in the United States, together with as much state prohibition as existed before 1919. With a staff of more than 1,000, it cooperated In the pre-prohibition days with numerous other temperance organizations. It non-political in character, preferring to exert its influencé through the other political parties. It was organized in 1895. Anti-Trust Law. In 1887 Congress enacted the Interstate Commerce Law, having for its purpose the regulation and control of the business of common carriers engaged in commerce between the States. The main object of this law was to prevent favoritism and unfair discrimination in freight rates, which had, it was claimed, contributed largely to the upbuilding of trusts and monopolistic enterprises and worked to the disadvantage of smaller com peting concerns. This was amended and passed in 1890 as the Sherman Anti-Trust Law. It provides that all contracts, combinations in form of trusts or otherwise, or conspiracies in restraint of interstate or International commerce are illegal, and that all persons participating in such agreement, combination or conspiracy are guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to a penalty for violation of the act. The statute also provides that all goods in transportation in violation of the act may be seized and forfeited by the Government, and that injunction proceedings may be brought by the Attorney-General under the act. Although supplemental acts were passed in 1903, on the recommendation of the Attorney-General, the Sherman law was found ineffectual in the purposes for which it was intended, i. e., restraining the growth of monopolies or trusts, so-called, and that it operated against both reasonable and unreasonable restraints of trade, and prohibited all combinations, both good and bad. Further criticism of the law was invoked when the Supreme Court decided that a trade union boycott was a conspiracy in restraint of trade. The law creating the Department of Commerce and Labor provided for a Bu reau of Corporations, whose duty it should be to collect data regarding trusts, which might be used in shaping further legisla tion. The underlying theory of the Anti-trust legislation of the United States is that the law of competition may be relied upon, if not artificially interfered with, to prevent private control of markets. The World War, however, especially after America's entrance into it, was such an artificial interference, with the result that during the war the Government relied to a greater extent upon direct intervention through agencies such as the Food and Fuel Administrations, the Railroad Administration, the War Industries Board, etc., than upon the normal processes of legislation. The entire status of anti-trust legislation in the United States was altered by the passage of a bill, approved on Sept. 26, 1914, establishing the Federal Trade Commission; and by the passage of the bill, approved on Oct. 15, 1914, known as the Clayton Anti-Trust Law. The articles in the Index under the head of Federal Trade Commission and Clayton Anti-Trust Law must be read carefully for an adequate understanding of the anti-trust situation in the country at the present time. Following is a complete list of suits brought and prosecutions instituted by the United States under the Sherman AntiTrust Law. A complete index to the various cases will be found at the end of the article. PRESIDENT HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. -Seven Cases. [William H. H. Miller, Attorney-General, March 5, 1889, to March 6, 1893.] 1. United States v. Jellico Mountain Coal Company. Suit against the members of the "Nashville Coal Exchange,' composed of various coal-mining companies operating mines in Kentucky and Tennessee, and of persons and firms dealing in coal in Nashville, formed for the purpose of fixing prices and regulating the output of coal. A preliminary injunction was denied on Oct. 13, 1890. Upon full hearing the court, on June 4, 1891, held the combination to be in violation of the anti-trust law and enjoined the further carrying out of the agreement. 2. United States v. Greenhut et al. A proceeding by indictment against the officers of the Distilling and Cattle Feeding Co. (Whisky Trust) for an alleged violation of the anti-trust law. Indictment quashed, as allegations were held not to constitute an offense under the statute. 2a. In re Corning. Application for a warrant of removal from Ohio to Massachusetts to answer to the indictment found in 2b. In re Terrell. Application for a writ of habeas corpus to secure a discharge from arrest and detention upon a warrant for removal from New York to Massachusetts to answer to the indictment found in the Greenhut case. Petitioner discharged. 2c. In re Greene. Petition for writ of habeas corpus to secure release from the custody of the marshal, by whom he was held awaiting an order for the removal of Greene to Massachusetts to answer to the indictment in the Greenhut case. Prisoner discharged. 3. United States v. Nelson. Indictment of a number of lumber dealers for conspiring together to raise the price of lumber in violation of the anti-trust law. Demurrer to indictment sustained, the court holding that an agreement between a number of dealers to raise prices, unless they controlled nearly the entire commodity, could not operate as a restraint of trade under the act. etc. 4. United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Association. Bill filed Jan. 6, 1892, to enjoin the operations of a combination of railroads engaged in interstate commerce, formed for the purpose of maintaining "just and reasonable rates," Bill dismissed by Circuit Court; decree of dismissal affirmed by Circuit Court of Appeals reversed by Supreme Court March 22. 1897. June 7, 1897, final decree dissolved association, granted relief prayed for. 5. United States v. Workingmen's Amalgamated Council of New Orleans et al. Suit to restrain defendants, a combination of workmen, from interfering with interstate and foreign commerce, in violation of the anti-trust law. The injunction was granted and the law held to apply to combinations of laborers as well as capitalists. This decree was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. 6. United States v. Patterson et al. Cash register case. Indictment of members of a combination formed for the purpose of controlling the price of cash registers. A demurrer was sustained as to certain counts of the indictment and overruled as to others and leave granted to file special demurrers to the counts which were sustained. The special demurrers were heard on June 1, 1893. and the demurrers overruled, the court adhering to its former rulIng. Letter of Attorney-General dated Oct. 16, 1893, shows case was allowed to lapse because of reconciliation of complaining witness with defendants. 7. United States v. E. C. Knight Company (Sugar Trust). Bill in equity to enjoin the operations of the Sugar Trust, charged with a violation of the anti-trust law. The bill was dismissed Jan. 30, 1894. Appeal was taken to the Circuit Court of Appeals and the decree affirmed. this decision an appeal was taken to the Supreme Court of the United States, where, the decree of dismissal was affirmed. From state commerce carried by all railroads operating in Indiana. An Injunction was issued on July 3, 1894, which was continued in force until September 19, 1898, when the case was dismissed at the instance of the Government. 1a. United States v. Agler. Information charging contempt of court in disobeying in injunction restraining Agler and others from interfering with interstate commerce and obstructing the mails. Information quashed. It was charged that Agler was a member of the American Railway Union, the members of which order were on a strike and had been enjoined under the antitrust law from interfering with the carry. ing of the mails and from obstructing interstate commerce. Information quashed. This is one of the "Debs" cases. 2. United States v. Elliott. Suit to restrain Elliott, Debs, and other members of the American Railway Union, from carrying out their unlawful conspiracy to interfere with interstate commerce and to obstruct the carrying of the mails, in violation of the anti-trust law. Preliminary injunction granted. A demurrer to this bill was overruled. Final decree entered April 6, 1896, against 295 defendants, and temporary injunction made permanent. 3. United States v. Debs et al. Petition filed on July 2, 1894, in the Circuit Court for the Northern District of Illinois, alleg ing conspiracy to obstruct the mails and to interfere with interstate commerce. A temporary injunction was issued on July 2, 1894, for violation of which contempt proceedings were instituted. Original peiltion dismissed on July 28, 1899, at the instance of the Government. 3a. United States v. Debs et al. Proceedings in contempt to punish Debs and others for disobeying an injunction restraining them from interfering with interstate commerce and with obstructing the mails. by means of a conspiracy, in violation of the anti-trust law. Defendants found guilty and punished. 3b. In re Debs, petitioner. Proceedings instituted July 2, 1894. Application for a writ of habeas corpus to secure a discharge from imprisonment for disobeying an injunction of the Circuit Court for the Northern District of Illinois, restraining Debs and others from conspiring to interfere with Interstate commerce, in violation of the anti-trust law. Petition for the writ denied. 4. United States v. Cassidy. Cassidy and others were indicted under section 5440, United States Revised Statutes, for conspiring to commit offenses against the United States, which acts consisted in a combining and conspiring to restrain trade and commerce between the States, in violation of the anti-trust law, and grew out of the Pullman strike in California. The trial lasted five months and resulted in a disagreement of the jury. A nolle prosequi entered July 1, 1895. 5. United States v. Moore. Indictment of the members of an association of deal ers in coal at Salt Lake City for entering into a conspiracy to regulate the price of coal. Indictment returned Nov. 4, 1895. Moore was tried and convicted in the District Court of Utah upon this indictment. The Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the judgment of conviction, for the reason that upon the admission of Utah as a State it was no longer a "Territory" within the meaning of the anti-trust act, and the combination was not in restraint of interstate commerce, and the court therefore had no jurisdiction of the offense. |