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3. Reply of the United States of September 28, 1948, to Soviet note of September 18 (excerpt)

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* The United States Government has taken note of the decision of the Soviet Government to evacuate its occupation forces from Korea by the end of December, 1948. * the United States Government regards the question of troop withdrawal as part of the larger question of Korean unity and independence, concerning which its views will be presented at the appropriate time by the United States delegate to the General Assembly of the United Nations. 4. Resolution of the General Assembly of December 12, 1948 (excerpt): The General Assembly, * *

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3. Recommends that the occupying powers should withdraw their occupation forces from Korea as early as practicable;

5. Gradual withdrawal of United States forces

Committee on Foreign Affairs, House Report No. 962 (81st Cong.) (excerpt):

* * * The United States forces there have from the beginning regarded the key to South Korea's internal security as being the state of readiness of Korean defense forces rather than as the prospect of continued presence of United States troops. Accordingly they have directed their efforts to the training and equipping of native security forces. The question of when to withdraw is, of course, a difficult one. The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea on November 20, 1948, passed a resolution urging the continued presence of United States troops until security forces of the republic should be capable of fully maintaining national security. The General Assembly of the United Nations, in its resolution of December 12, called for the withdrawal of occupying forces at the earliest practicable time. The two resolutions are compatible if one takes the earliest practicable time to mean the time when withdrawal can be accomplished without impairing security. On December 28 the Department of the Army announced plans for early withdrawal of its forces in Korea. It pointed out that this was in keeping with the United Nations General Assembly resolution. It also cited that a revolt of dissident elements of the South Korean constabulary in October 1948, had been put down promptly and efficiently by the main body of the constabulary-an indication of the capacity of the native security forces to defend the area alone. On June 8, 1949, an announcement by the Department of State said that United States forces will "soon have completed" their withdrawal from South Korea. Completion of the withdrawal was reported in the press on June 29. It should be noted, however, that a military mission will continue to function in Korea, giving the Korean forces the benefit of United States military techniques and advice on organization.

6. Final withdrawal of United States forces

Announcement by Department of the Army (Washington Post, July 1, 1949 excerpt):

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All United States troops in Korea have been withdrawn after nearly 4 years of occupation, the Army Department disclosed last night. A small training mission of some 500 officers and men was understood to have remained to assist the Koreans in building their armed forces. * * * United States troops in Korea, which had totaled some 50,000 shortly after VJ-day, have been withdrawn gradually since, until last April only about 8,000 remained. These 8,000 have now been quietly withdrawn.

F. KOREA AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

1. Application for membership in United Nations rejected by Soviet

veto

Report by the President to the Congress for the year 1949 on the activities of the United Nations (excerpt):

The Republic of Korea submitted an application for membership on January 19, 1949. Although nine members of the Council voted favorably on this appli

cation on April 8, a recommendation for admission was frustrated by a Soviet veto. In the course of these developments the Secretary-General on February 10, 1949, circulated a telegram, received the preceding day, purporting to be an application for membership by the Soviet-controlled "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" in North Korea.1 By a vote of 8 to 2, with 1 abstention, the Council decided not to refer this application to its membership committee. Various members of the majority made clear that the so-called Democratic People's Republic of Korea did not qualify for membership; that its communication was not in the form required by the rules of procedure; and that in the light of the General Assembly's declaration on the Government of Korea-the second paragraph of its resolution on Korea December 12, 1948-it would not be proper to entertain the application even to the extent of referring it to a committee. This paragraph stated that the Government of the Republic of Korea, which is in the southern part of the state, was a lawful government and "is the only such Government in Korea."

2. Membership in other international organizations

Committee on Foreign Affairs, House Report No. 1571 (81st Cong.) (excerpt):

The Republic of Korea has also progressed in participation in international organizations.

On June 30, 1949, it was received into membership in the World Health Organization.

As a

On October 22, 1949, the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, an adjunct of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, admitted the Republic of Korea as an associate member and rejected the application of the North Korean group under the name of the Democratic People's Republic. It is interesting to note that the Soviet Union is a participating government in the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, and the Republic of Korea was admitted only after the most strenuous objection by the Soviet Union. member of this Commission, the Republic of Korea was drawn into collaboration with the following full members in addition to the Soviet Union: Australia, Burma, Republic of China, France, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Republic of the Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This collaboration extends also to the following associate members of the Commission: Cambodia. Ceylon, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Laos, Malaya and the British Borneo group, Nepal, and Viet Nam.

On November 23, 1949, the Republic of Korea was admitted to membership in the Food and Agriculture Organization.

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea, set up in the northern part of the peninsula, has developed its ties with countries in the Soviet Union's bloc. On October 6 it recognized the Communist People's Republic of China. On November 7 it recognized the East German Communist "Democratic Republic." Kim Doo Bong, president of the presidium of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and other members of the government participated in the celebration of Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday in Moscow in December. The North Korean regime has been recognized by the governments within the Communist orbitthe Soviet Union, the Mongolian People's Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Albania.

G. CONTINUATION OF EFFORTS TO UNIFY KOREA

1. Effect of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution of December 12, 1948

Committee on Foreign Affairs, House Report No. 962 (81st Cong.) (excerpt):

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* The United Nations General Assembly resolution of December 12, 1948, continued, in a new phase, the efforts to bring about unification of Korea, the further development of representative government there, and "the full accomplishment of the objectives set forth in the resolution of November 14, 1947." The United Nations Temporary Commission was reconstituted on the basis of membership of seven nations. The Commission has been in South Korea since January seeking an opportunity to fulfill its mission. It has not been granted permission even to enter North Korea, however-a circumstance which fundamentally impedes its work.

2. Efforts of the United Nations Commission

Committee on Foreign Affairs, House Report No. 1571 (81st Cong.) (excerpt):

* * * The United Nations Commission on Korea has continued its efforts to bring about a solution of the fundamental cleavage of the peninsula along the thirty-eighth parallel. Up to now its efforts have been unproductive. In its report of last August, the Commission officially confirmed the withdrawal of United States forces from South Korea. As of June 29, 1949, the Chairman of the Commission addressed the people of North Korea through the Korean broadcasting system located in the southern zone. He reviewed the efforts of the Commission to establish contact with authorities in the northern zone. He read to his audience, if any, a letter originated by the Commission on March 19, 1949, informing them that the Commission desired to enter the northern zone to observe and verify the withdrawal of Soviet troops from that area. The Commission had been unable to get any official in North Korea to receive the letter. On July 13, 1949, the Commission, acting through the Secretary General of the United Nations, informed the Government of the Soviet Union that it had observed the withdrawal of United States forces from South Korea and was prepared to perform a similar function with respect to the withdrawal of Soviet troops from North Korea whenever facilities might be ordered. This communication was not acknowledged.

In August 1949 the United Nations Commission on Korea published its report to the General Assembly. The report consisted of a thoroughgoing review of all of the circumstances and all of the frustrations related to its mission. The report was signed by the six members of the Commission representing the Republic of the Philippines, China, Australia, El Salvador, France, and India.

The Special Political Committee of the United Nations General Assembly voted on October 3, 1949, to continue the United Nations Commission on Korea. The vote was 44 to 6. The line-up was definitive-the Soviet Union and its satellites on one side, the rest of the nations on the other.

3. Resolution of the General Assembly, October 21, 1949 (excerpts) The General Assembly.

* ** Mindful of the fact that, due to difficulties referred to in the report of the Commission, the objectives set forth in the resolutions referred to have not been full accomplished, and in particular that the unification of Korea and the removal of barriers to economic, social, and other friendly intercourse caused by the division of Korea have not yet been achieved.

Having noted that the Commission has observed and verified the withdrawal of United States occupation forces, but that it has not been accorded the opportunity to observe or verify the reported withdrawal of Soviet occupation forces.

Recalling its declaration of December 12, 1948, that there has been established a lawful government (the Government of the Republic of Korea) having effective control and jurisdiction over that part of Korea where the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea was able to observe and consult and in which the great majority of the people of Korea reside; that this Government is based on elections which were a valid expression of the free will of the electorate of that part of Korea and which were observed by the Temporary Commission; and that this is the only such government in Korea. Concerned lest the situation described by the Commission in its report menace the safety and well-being of the Republic of Korea and of the people of Korea and lead to open military conflict in Korea.

1. Resolves that the United Nations Commission on Korea shall continue being with the following membership: Australia, China, El Salvador, France, India, Philippines and Turkey and, having in mind the objectives set forth in the General Assembly resolutions of November 14, 1947, and December 12, 1948, and also the status of the Government of the Republic of Korea as defined in the latter resolution, shall:

(a) Observe and report any developments which might lead to or otherwise involve military conflict in Korea;

(b) Seek to facilitate the removal of barriers to economic, social, and other friendly intercourse caused by the division of Korea; and make available its good offices and be prepared to assist, whenever in its judgment a favorable opportunity arises, in bringing about the unification of Korea in accordance

with the principles laid down by the General Assembly in the resolution of November 14, 1947;

(c) Have authority, in order to accomplish the aims defined under subparagraphs (a) and (b) of the present paragraph, in its discretion to appoint observers, and to utilize the services and good offices of one or more persons whether or not representatives on the Commission;

(d) Be available for observation and consultation throughout Korea in the continuing development of representative government based on the freely expressed will of the people, including elections of national scope;

(e) Verify the withdrawal of Soviet occupation forces insofar as it is in a position to do so;

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3. Calls upon Member States, the Government of the Republic of Korea, and all Koreans to afford every assistance and facility to the Commission in the fulfillment of its responsibilities, and to refrain from any acts derogatory to the purposes of the present resolution;

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II. UNITED STATES ASSISTANCE

A. THE RECORD OF ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE

1. GARIOA funds for Korea, fiscal 1949

Public Law 793, Eightieth Congress (excerpt):

AN ACT Making appropriations for foreign aid, and for other purposes

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following sums are appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for foreign aid for such periods as are specified herein ending not later than June 30, 1949, and for other purposes, namely:

TITLE I-ECONOMIC COOPERATION

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GOVERNMENT AND RELIEF IN OCCUPIED AREAS

For expenses, not otherwise provided for, necessary to meet the responsibilities and obligations of the United States in connection with the government or occupation of certain foreign areas, including personal services in the District of Columbia and elsewhere and, subject to such authorization and limitations as the Secretary of the Army may prescribe, not to exceed $220,000 may be available for tuition, personal allowances (not to exceed $10 per day), travel expenses (not to exceed those authorized for like United States military or civilian personnel), and fees incident to instruction in the United States or elsewhere of such persons as may be required to carry out the provisions of this appropriation; travel expenses and transportation; services as authorized by section 15 of the Act of August 2, 1946 (5 U. S. C. 55a), at rates not in excess of $50 per day and travel expenses for individuals; translation rights, photographic work, educational exhibits, and dissemination of information, including preview and review expenses incident thereto; expenses incident to the operation of schools for American children; printing and binding; hire of passenger motor vehicles and aircraft; repair and maintenance of buildings, utilities, facilities, and appurtenances; contingencies for the United States commanders of foreign areas, to be expended in their respective discretions (not exceeding amounts authorized or approved by the Secretary of the Army); such minimum supplies for the civilian populations of such areas as may be essential to prevent starvation, disease, or unrest, prejudicial to the objectives sought to be accomplished, and such supplies, commodities, and equipment as may be essential to carry out the purposes of this appropriation; $1,300,000,000, of which not to exceed $55,000,000 shall be available for administrative expenses: Provided, That when military personnel of the Department of the Army are employed primarily for the purposes of this appropriation, the mileage and other travel allowances to which they may be entitled shall be paid herefrom: Provided further, That the general provisions of the appropriation Act

for the fiscal year 1949 for the military functions of the Department of the Army shall apply to this appropriation: Provided further, That expenditures from this appropriation may be made outside continental United States, when necessary to carry out its purposes, without regard to sections 355, 1136, 3648, and 3734, Revised Statutes, as amended, civil-service or classification laws, or provisions of law prohibiting payment of any person not a citizen of the United States: Provided further, That expenditures from this appropriation may be made, when necessary to carry out its purposes, without regard to section 3709, Revised Statutes, as amended, and the Armed Services Procurement Act of 1947 (Public Law 413, Eightieth Congress): Provided further, That expenditures may be made hereunder for the purposes of economic rehabilitation in Japan, Korea, and the Ryukyus in such manner as to be consistent with the general objectives of the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948: Provided further, That funds appropriated hereunder and unexpended at the time of the termination of occupation by the United States, of any area for which such funds are made available, may be expended by the President for the procurement of such commodities and technical services, and commodities procured from funds herein or heretofore appropriated for government and relief in occupied areas and not delivered to such an area prior to the time of the termination of occupation, may be utilized by the President, as may be necessary to assist in the maintenance of the political and economic stability of such areas: Provided further, That before any such assistance is made available, an agreement shall be entered into between the United States and the recognized government or authority with respect to such area containing such undertakings by such government or authority as the President may determine to be necessary in order to assure the efficient use of such assistance in furtherance of such purposes: Provided further, That such agreement shall, where applicable, include requirements and undertakings corresponding to the requirements and undertakings specified in sections 5, 6, and 7 of the Foreign Aid Act of 1947 (Public Law 389, 80th Congress): Provided further, That funds appropriated hereunder may be used, insofar as practicable, and under such rules and regulations as prescribed by the Secretary of the Army to pay ocean transportation charges from United States ports, including territorial ports, to ports in Japan, Korea, and the Ryukyus for the movement of supplies donated to, or purchased by, United States voluntary nonprofit relief agencies registered with and recommended by the Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid or of relief packages consigned to individuals residing in such countries: Provided further, That under the rules and regulations to be prescribed, the Secretary of the Army shall fix and pay a uniform rate per pound for the ocean transportation of all relief packages of food or other general classification of commodities shipped to Japan, Korea, or the Ryukyus regardless of methods of shipment and higher rates charged by particular agencies of transportation, but this proviso shall not apply to shipments made by individuals to individuals: And provided further, That the Joint Committee on Foreign Economic Cooperation established pursu. nt to provisions of section 124 (a) of the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 shall have the same duties, powers, and responsibilities with respect to programs carried out by appropriations for Government and Relief in Occupied Areas as it has with respect to programs under the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948.

2. Agreement on aid between United States of America and Republic of Korea, December 31, 1948

PREAMBLE

The Government of the Republic of Korea having requested the Government of the United States of America for financial, material, and technical assistance to avert economic crisis, promote national recovery, and insure domestic tranquillity in the Republic of Korea, and

The Congress of the United States of America, in the Act approved June 28, 1948 (Public Law 793, 80th Cong.), having authorized the President of the United States of America to furnish assistance to the people of the Republic of Korea and:

The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Korea, believing that the furnishing of such assistance, on terms consonant with the independence and security of the Government of the Republic of Korea, will help to achieve the basic objectives of the Charter of the United Nations and the United Nations General Assembly .esolution of November 14, 1947, and will further strengthen the ties of friendship between the American and Korean peoples:

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