14. In the same broadcast the Premier called for a struggle to the * * in order to secure unification and punish "traitors," calling or mass risings and sabotage in South Korea.

The Commission has no evidence to justify in any respect the northern allegations. All the evidence continues to point to a calculated coordinated attack prepared and launched with secrecy.

B. THE INVASION OF JUNE 1950: GOVERNMENTAL ACTION

1. Statement by United States representative to the United Nations on June 25, 1950

At 4 o'clock in the morning Sunday, June 25, Korean time, armed forces from North Korea commenced an unprovoked assault against the territory of the Republic of Korea. This assault was launched by ground forces along the thirty-eighth parallel, in the Ongjin, Kaesong, and Chunshon sectors, and by amphibious landings on the east coast in the vicinity of Jangmung. In addition, North Korean aircraft have attacked and strafed the Kimpo airport in the outskirts of the capital city of Seoul.

Under the circumstances I have described, this wholly illegal and unprovoked attack by the North Korean forces, in the view of my Government, constitutes a breach of the peace and an act of aggression.

This is clearly a threat to international peace and security. As such, it is of grave concern to my Government. It is a threat which must inevitably be of grave concern to the governments of all peace- and freedom-loving nations.

A full-scale attack is now going forward in Korea. It is an invasion upon a state which the United Nations itself, by action of its General Assembly, has brought into being. It is armed aggression against a government elected under United Nations supervision.

Such an attack strikes at the fundamental purposes of the United Nations Charter. Such an attack openly defies the interest and authority of the United Nations. Such an attack, therefore, concerns the vital interest which all the members of the United Nations have in the organization.

The history of the Korean problem in the United Nations is well known to you. At this critical hour I will not review it in detail. But let me recall only a few milestones in the development of the Korean situation.

A Joint Commission of the United States and the Soviet Union for 2 years sought unsuccessfully to agree on ways and means of bringing to Korea the independence which she assumed would automatically come when Japan was defeated. This 2-year deadlock prevented 38,000,000 people in Korea from getting the independence which it was agreed was their right.

My Government, thereupon, sought to hold a four-power conference at which China and the United Kingdom would join the United States and the Soviet Union to seek agreement on the independence of Korea. The Soviet Union rejected that proposal.

The United States then asked the General Assembly to consider the problem. The Soviet Union opposed that suggestion. The General Assembly by resolution of November 14, 1947, created the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea. By that resolution the General Assembly recommended the holding of elections not later than the 31st of March 1948, to choose representatives with whom the commission might consult regarding the prompt attainment of freedom and independence of the Korean people. These elected representatives would constitute a National Assembly and establish a National Government of Korea. The General Assembly further recommended that upon the establishment of a National Government, that Government should in consultation with the Commission constitute its own national security forces, and to dissolve all military or semimilitary formations not included therein. The General Assembly recommended that the National Government should take over the functions of government from the military command and from the civilian authorities of North and South Korea, and arrange with the occupying powers for the complete withdrawal from Korea of the armed forces as early as practicable and if possible within 90 days.

Elections were held in South Korea and the Commission did observe them. A Government in South Korea was set up as a result of the elections observed by the Commission. The Commission was unable to enter North Korea because of the attitude of the Soviet Union.

The Temporary Commission in its report to the third session of the General Assembly stated that not all the objectives set forth for it had been fully accomplished and that, in particular, unification of Korea had not yet been achieved. Notwithstanding the frustrations and difficulties which the Temporary Commission had experienced in Korea, the General Assembly at its third session continued the Commission's existence and requested it to go on with its efforts to bring North and South Korea together.

One aspect of the resolution adopted by the third session of the General Assembly should, I feel, be particularly emphasized. The General Assembly declared that a lawful government had been established in Korea as a result of the elections observed by the Commission and declared further that this was the only lawful government in Korea. This is a most significant fact.

The General Assembly declared further that the Government of Korea was based on elections which were a valid expression of the free will of the electorate of that part of Korea and which were observed by the United Nations Commission. In the light of this declaration, my Government on January 1, 1949, extended recognition to the Government of the Republic of Korea, and more than 30 states have since that time also accorded recognition to that Government.

The United Nations Commission worked toward the United Nations objective of the withdrawal of occupation forces from Korea, the removal of the barriers between the regions of the North and South, and the unification of that country under a representative government freely determined by its people.

In 1949, as in 1948, the Commission's efforts to obtain access to North Korea which included both direct intercourse with the northern authorities and endeavors to negotiate through the Government of the U. S. S. R. were fruitless. The Commission was unable to make progress either toward the unification of Korea or toward the reduction of barriers between the Republic of Korea and the northern authorities. The Commission reported to the General Assembly that the border of the thirty-eighth parallel was becoming a sea of increasingly frequent exchanges of fire and armed raids, and that this constituted a serious barrier to friendly intercourse among the people of Korea.

The Commission observed the withdrawal of United States forces, which was completed on June 19, 1949. Although it signified its readiness to verify the pact of the withdrawal of Soviet occupation forces from North Korea, the Commission received no response to its message to the U. S. S. R. and therefore could take no action.

At the fourth session, the General Assembly again directed the Commission to seek to facilitate the removal of barriers to economic, social, and other friendly intercourse caused by the division of Korea. The General Assembly also authorized the Commission on October 21, 1949, in its discretion, to appoint observers and utilize the services and good offices of persons whether or not representatives of the Commission. The United Nations Commission in Korea is presently in Seoul and we have now received its latest report.

Mr. President, I have tabled a draft resolution which notes the Security Council's grave concern at the invasion of the Republic of Korea by the armed forces of North Korea. This draft resolution calls upon the authorities in the North to cease hostilities and to withdraw armed forces to the border along the thirty-eighth parallel.

The draft resolution requests that the United Nations Commission on Korea observe the withdrawal of the North Korean forces to the thirty-eighth parallel and keep the Security Council informed on the implementation and execution of the resolution. The draft resolution also calls upon all members of the United Nations to render every assistance to the United Nations in the carrying out of this resolution and to refrain from giving assistance to the North Korean authorities.

2. The first United Nations Security Council Resolution-June 25, 1950 Resolution concerning the complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea, adopted at the Four hundred and seventy-third meeting of the Security Council on June 25, 1950:

The Security Council

Recalling the finding of the General Assembly in its resolution of 21 October 1949 that the Government of the Republic of Korea is a lawfully established government "having effective control and jurisdiction over that part of Korea where the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea was able to

observe and consult and in which the great majority of the people of Korea reside; and that this Government is based on elections which were a valid expression of the free will of the electorate of that part of Korea and which were observed by the Temporary Commission; and that this is the only such Government in Korea";

Mindful of the concern expressed by the General Assembly in its resolutions of 12 December 1948 and 21 October 1949 of the consequences which might follow unless Member States refrained from acts derogatory to the results sought to be achieved by the United Nations in bringing about the complete independence and unity of Korea; and the concern expressed that the situation described by the United Nations Commission on Korea in its report menaces the safety and well being of the Republic of Korea and of the people of Korea and might lead to open military conflict there;

Noting with grave concern the armed attack upon the Republic of Korea by forces from North Korea,

Determines that this action constitutes a breach of the peace,

I. Calls for the immediate cessation of hostilities; and

Calls upon the authorities of North Korea to withdraw forthwith their armed forces to the thirty-eighth parallel;

II. Requests the United Nations Commission on Korea

(a) To communicate its fully considered recommendations on the situation with the least possible delay;

(b) To observe the withdrawal of the North Korean forces to the thirtyeighth parallel; and

(c) To keep the Security Council informed on the execution of this resolution;

III. Calls upon all Members to render every assistance to the United Nations in the execution of this resolution and to refrain from giving assistance to the North Korean authorities.

3. Reports from UN Temporary Commission on Korea

Received by UN June 26, 1950 (New York Times, June 27, 1950): North Korean advances have created dangerous situation with possibilities of rapid deterioration. Impossible estimate situation which exist tomorrow in Seoul. In view commission's past experience and existing situation commission convinced North Korea will not heed Council resolution nor accept UNCOK good offices. Suggest have Council give consideration either invitation both parties agree on neutral mediator either to negotiate peace or requesting member governments undertake immediate mediation. Commission decided stand by in Seoul. Danger is that critical operations now in progress may end in matter of days and question of cease fire and withdrawal North Korean forces suggested Council resolution prove academic.

Commission informed adoption United States-sponsored Security Council resolution. It had contemplated action this direction and expresses unanimous gratification at Security Council move. Commission will be glad undertake task given by Council but likes to point out that its efforts to contact North during last 18 months met only with negative response.

Commission met this morning 1000 hours and considered latest reports on hostilities and results direct observation along parallel by UNCOK military observers ending 48 hours before hostilities began. Commission's present view on basis this evidence is, first, that judging from actual progress of operations northern regime is carrying out well-planned, concerted and full-scale invasion of South Korea, second, that South Korean forces were deployed on wholly defensive basis in all sectors of the parallel, and third, that they were taken completely by surprise as they had no reason to believe from intelligence sources that invasion was imminent. Commission is following events and will report further developments. 4. Statement by the President of the United States, June 27, 1950

In Korea the Government forces, which were armed to prevent border raids and to preserve internal security, were attacked by invading forces from North Korea. The Security Council of the United Nations called upon the invading troops to cease hostilities and to withdraw to the thirty-eighth parallel. This

they have not done, but on the contrary have pressed the attack. The Security Council called upon all members of the United Nations to render every assistance to the United Nations in the execution of this resolution. In these circumstances I have ordered United States air and sea forces to give the Korean Government troops cover and support.

The attack upon Korea makes it plain beyond all doubt that communism has passed beyond the use of subversion to conquer independent nations and will now use armed invasion and war. It has defied the orders of the Security Council of the United Nations issued to preserve international peace and security. In these circumstances the occupation of Formosa by Communist forces would be a direct threat to the security of the Pacific area and to United States forces performing their lawful and necessary functions in that area.

Accordingly I have ordered the Seventh Fleet to prevent any attack on Formosa. As a corollary of this action I am calling upon the Chinese Government on Formosa to cease all air and sea operations against the mainland. The Seventh Fleet will see that this is done. The determination of the future status of Formosa must await the restoration of security in the Pacific, a peace settlement with Japan, or consideration by the United Nations.

I have also directed that United States forces in the Philippines be strengthened and that military assistance to the Philippine Government be accelerated.

I have similarly directed acceleration in the furnishing of military assistance to the forces of France and the associated States in Indochina and the dispatch of a military mission to provide close working relations with those forces.

I know that all members of the United Nations will consider carefully the consequences of this latest aggression in Korea in defiance of the Charter of the United Nations. A return to the rule of force in international affairs would have far-reaching effects. The United States will continue to uphold the rule of law.

I have instructed Ambassador Austin, as the representative of the United States to the Security Council, to report these steps to the Council.

5. Soviet Reaction to President's statement

Pravda editorial of June 28, 1950, regarding President's statement of June 27, 1950 (New York Times, June 29, 1950):

On June 27 President Truman of the United States of America issued a special statement on Korea.

The events in Korea, which have occupied the center of attention of world public opinion, reveal with all clarity that the imperialist warmongers will not stop half way in pursuit of their objects. As is known, on June 25 the provocative actions of troops of the puppet government of South Korea, directed against the Korean People's Democratic Republic, unleashed military operations on the territory of Korea. In reply to this, security detachments of troops of the Korean People's Democratic Republic undertook active measures and, carrying out their Government's orders, went over to the counteroffensive, transferring military operations to the territory south of the thirty-eighth parallel.

UNITY PROPOSAL CITED

The Government of the Korean People's Democratic Republic has been able repeatedly to demonstrate its consistency in defense of the interests of the Korean people, their democratic developments, their independence, their patriotic aspirations for unity. Even at the beginning of this month, the single United Demoeratic Front and the Presidium of the Supreme National Assembly of Korea in Pyongyang, expressing the will of the Korean people, came forward with a proposal to carry out the peaceful unification of the country.

The South Korean clique of Syngman Rhee answered this proposal on June 25 by beginning internecine, fratricidal war. The Syngman Rhee clique has taken the path of military adventure. It relied in advance on military aid from its

Overseas masters.

The aggressive plans of its protectors are now beginning to be disclosed.

AGGRESSION LAID TO UNITED STATES

As is clear from the afore-mentioned statement by Truman, he has instructed the Air and Naval Forces of the United States to give armed assistance to the Korean people. At the same time the American President has instructed the American Seventh Fleet to "prevent an attack on Formosa," which is an order for the actual

occupation by American armed forces of part of the territory of China. This order signifies that the Government of the United States of America has undertaken a direct act of aggression against the Korean People's Democratic Republic and against the People's Republic of China.

Truman's statement and actions, unprecedented in international relations of the postwar period, constitute further evidence that the American ruling circles no longer confine themselves to the preparations of aggression, but have gone over to direct acts of aggression. But have they gone too far? [The Associated Press correspondent in Moscow translated this question as: "Have they not, however, gone too far?"] The American Government with its characteristic unceremoniousness as regards international law, is grossly trampling on the United Nations Charter, acting as though the United Nations Organization did not exist at all.

UNITED STATES AUTHORITY QUESTIONED

The question arises, Who authorized the American Government to take this step? In bringing its Armed Forces into action, did the United States Government reach agreement on its policy with the United Nations Organization, about their loyalty to which Truman and Acheson are so vociferous? Where and when did the Security Council take a decision freeing the hands of the United States of America in the acts of direct aggression undertaken by it?

As is known, neither the United Nations Organization or any other international body have authorized the Government of the United States of America to undertake these actions with regard to Korea and China which Truman announced yesterday.

In undertaking its openly aggressive act the American Government evidently set itself the aim of confronting the United Nations Organization with a fait accompli.

6. Statement by United States representative to the United Nations on June 27, 1950

The United Nations finds itself confronted today with the gravest crisis in its existence.

Forty-eight hours ago the Security Council, in an emergency session, determined that the armed invasion of the Republic of Korea by armed forces from northern Korea constituted a breach of the peace. Accordingly, the Security Council called for a cessation of hostilities forthwith and the withdrawal by the northern Korean authorities of their armed forces to the thirty-eighth parallel. The Security Council also requested the United Nations Commission on Korea to observe the withdrawal and to report. Finally, the Security Council called upon all members to render every assistance to the United Nations in the execution of the resolution and to refrain from giving assistance to the North Korean authorities. The decision of the Security Council has been broadcast to the Korean authorities and is known to them. We now have before us the report of the United Nations Commission for Korea which confirms our worst fears. It is clear that the authorities in North Korea have completely disregarded and flouted the decision of the Security Council. The armed invasion of the Republic of Korea continues. The North Korean authorities have even called upon the established Government of the Republic to surrender.

It is hard to imagine a more glaring example of disregard for the United Nations and for all the principles which it represents.

The most important provisions of the Charter are those outlawing aggressive war. It is precisely these provisions which the North Korea authorities have violated.

It is the plain duty of the Security Council to invoke stringent sanctions to restore international peace

The Republic of Korea has appealed to the United Nations for protection. I am happy and proud to report that the United States is prepared as a loyal member of the United Nations to furnish assistance to the Republic of Korea.

I have tabled a resolution which I ask the Council to consider favorably as the next step to restore world peace.

That resolution is as follows:

"The Security Council,

"Having determined that the armed attack upon the Republic of Korea by forces from North Korea constitutes a breach of the peace,

"Having called for an immediate cessation of hostilities, and

"Having called upon the authorities of North Korea to withdraw forthwith

their armed forces to the Thirty-eighth Parallel, and