can imperialists are reinforcing their armed intervention against the Korean people. They want to drown the freedom of Korea in the blood of its patriots, but they will not frighten the freedom-loving Korean people.

In reply to the barefaced aggression of the United States, the Korean people will gather even more closely under the banner of the Korean People's Democratic Republic and strengthen their holy war for the freedom, unity, and independence of their native land. The Government of the Korean People's Democratic Republic and the whole Korean Nation resolutely protest against American armed intervention in Korea, against the barbarous bombardments of Korean towns and villages, against the inhuman slaughter of peaceful citizens.

We are convinced that all honorable people in the world will indignantly condemn the aggression of the American imperialists against the freedom-loving people of Korea.

We are certain that our just cause will meet with warm sympathy in the hearts of all people.

12. The third United Nations Security Council resolution-July 7, 1950 (a) Text of resolution (UN Document S/1588):

The Security Council, having determined that the armed attack upon the Republic of Korea by forces from North Korea constitutes a breach of the peace, having recommended that members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security in the area,

(1) Welcomes the prompt and vigorous support which governments and peoples of the United Nations have given to its resolutions of 25 and 27 June 1950 to assist the Republic of Korea in defending itself against armed attack and thus to restore international peace and security in the area;

(2) Notes that members of the United Nations have transmitted to the United Nations offers of assistance for the Republic of Korea;

(3) Recommends that all members providing military forces and other assistance pursuant to the aforesaid Security Council resolutions make such forces and other assistance available to a unified command under the United States;

(4) Requests the United States to designate the commander of such forces;

(5) Authorizes the unified command at its discretion to use the United Nations flag in the course of operations against North Korean forces concurrently with the flags of the various nations participating.

(6) Requests the United States to provide the Security Council with reports, as appropriate, on the course of action taken under the unified command.

(b) The vote:

There were seven votes for the resolution, none against, with three abstentions.

Voting for the resolution were: United States, the United Kingdom, France, China, Cuba, Ecuador, and Norway.

The countries abstaining were: Egypt, India, and Yugoslavia.
The Soviet Union was absent.

(c) Excerpts from verbatim record of Security Council meeting, July 7, 1950 (UN Document S/PV476):

The President of the Security Council, Mr. Sunde of Norway:

Events have moved swiftly in Korea since our last meeting. What some of us hoped would be a short and decisive police action has turned into a pitched battle of unforeseeable duration. For the time being the ruthless and brutal aggressor seems to be reaping all the fruits which naturally redound to the attacking party with the advantages of surprise and careful planning. But the Republic of Korea is no longer alone in its fight for liberty and freedom. Assistance is being rushed to the war theater, pursuant to the Security Council resolution, by plane and ship and rail. And the bent and broken line of resistance is slowly stiffening with the stamina and courage of American boys who hardly dreamed 14 days ago that they were to be the first to fight for the ideals and principles of the United Nations. With them in the air and on the sea are the first contingents of British, Australian, New Zealand, and Netherlands forces, and offers of other kinds of assistance are pouring in from member states.

Sir Gladwyn Jebb, United Kingdom:

It is clear to all concerned that a unified command is essential if confusion is to be avoided, and paragraph 3, therefore, provides for such a unified command. Had the Charter come fully into force and had the agreement provided for in article 43 of the Charter been concluded, we should, of course, have proceeded differently, and the action to be taken by the Security Council to repel, the armed attack would no doubt have been founded on article 42. As it is, however, we can naturally only act under article 39, which enables the Security Council to recommend what measures should be taken to restore international peace and security. The necessary recommendations were duly made in the resolution of June 25 and 27, but in the nature of things they could only be recommendations to individual members of the United Nations. It could not therefore be the United Nations or the Security Council who themselves would appoint a United Nations commander. All the Security Council can do is to recommend that one of its members should designate the commander of the forces which individual members have now made available. This, therefore, is done in paragraph 4, and there will, I imagine, be no question but that it is for the United States to assume the duty of such a designation.

*

* *

(NOTE.-Paragraph references above are to the resolution.) Mr. Chauvel, France:

On receiving notice of the launching of an attack southward from the thirtyeighth parallel by the North Korean forces, the Council, on June 25 last, called for the immediate cessation of hostilities, ordered the North Korean authorities to withdraw their troops, and called upon member states to cooperate fully with the United Nations in implementing the resolution it had adopted.

As the North Korean authorities completely disregarded that resolution and as the situation on the spot threatened to deteriorate rapidly, the United States Government, in reply to the invitation of the Council, and making use of the special facilities at its disposal took, on June 27, the first steps immediately necessary to give effect to the will of the Council.

The same day the Council made its position clear by recommending that members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as might be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security in the area.

Since then, and at the same time as organization was being improvised on the spot, offers of assistance were received from many quarters.

The time has come to impart to the whole situation a form which will duly show, on the one hand, the moral authority of the United Nations, on the other hand certain specific responsibilities, and the relation between the two.

The form of words submitted to the Council was essentially a statement of the principle of a unified command under which the various national contingents involved in this affair would be regrouped; a request to the United States Government to designate a commander in chief; authority to that commander in chief to use the United Nations flag; and a request to the United States Government to provide the Security Council with reports on the development of operations.

I should like to take this opportunity offered to my delegation today to pay tribute to the spontaneous and generous support which the action of the Security Council has called forth from the states members of the United Nations. In this trial before us no contribution could be more valuable than this lofty manifestation of the collective conscience.

I should also like to repeat here how much the political sagacity and swift decision of the United States Government, and the speed with which it has intervened in support of our decisions, have been appreciated by my Government and by French public opinion. The peoples of France, and indeed of the whole world, could not at such a difficult time have had greater encouragement.

Finally, I should like to express the anxious and deep sympathy with which, I am sure, all those present here who took part in either of the two wars follow the efforts of those young men from every part of the United States who are at this moment facing danger in the common cause. We have met their elders in different parts of the world; we have lived side by side with them through difficult times. Their lot stirs in us those memories, awakens our deepest feelings, and we hope that they feel supported in their undertaking, as they should be and indeed are, by the power of the free world, by the will of the free world, and by the hope that is also ours of opening the way to true peace.

Mr. Tsiang, China:

* *

*Today is July 7. In 1937, on July 7, the Japanese began their war of aggression against China. On that occasion, unfortunately, the fire was not put out at the start. The League of Nations failed to come to the aid of my country. It failed to uphold the principles of the Covenant. I am sure I need not go into the consequences of that act of omission. Much of the suffering of the world can be traced to that failure. We have had to pay a heavy price, and we are continuing to pay a heavy price for that failure on the part of the League of Nations.

Fortunately, today, the aggression against the Republic of Korea has been met with determination by the United Nations. * * * I am convinced that the sacrifices made now will, in the long run, save the peoples of the world much heavier sacrifices in future years and decades. It is, therefore, only right that the Security Council should carry further the course of action it began on June 25 and 27.

Mr. Alvarez, Cuba:

* I should like to say that my Government, which feels grave concern at the attack on international peace and security perpetrated by the authorities of northern Korea, agreed at a meeting of its Council of Ministers held on June 29, to offer all the assistance necessary to repel the attack on world peace and the authority of the United Nations; we shall therefore afford our full support to the decisions adopted by the Organization in defense of its basic principles and in order to prevent new attacks against peace.

My delegation has observed with great satisfaction the position taken by a large majority of the members of the United Nations in immediately supporting the action recommended by the Security Council and making known their willingness to provide the necessary assistance in the form finally agreed upon by this body.

The attitude adopted by the Great Powers, which even at the cost of great sacrifice are taking heroic action to maintain the integrity of the United Nations, is an encouragement to the small nations which have also offered their warmest support to the decisions of the Security Council.

The Cuban delegation takes this opportunity of placing on record its disagreement with the interpretation given by the Soviet Union in its communication to the Secretary General regarding the legality of the decisions taken by the Security Council on June 25 and 27, since it is an established practice in the Council, and one that the Soviet Union has accepted on many occasions, that the abstention of a permanent member from the decisions adopted by the Council does not constitute a veto.

In connection with the draft resolution before us, the Cuban delegation considers that for obvious reasons the unified command of the collective action of the United Nations should be under the auspices of the United States of America. My delegation applauds the effective action taken by the United States from the beginning of the aggression against the Korean Republic, in defense of the cause of the United Nations, which is the cause of peace, freedom, and the independence of peoples.

Mr. Chang, Republic of Korea:

** ** * On June 25 and 27, I was privileged to be seated at this Council table to make reports on the unprovoked attacks from the Northern Korean Communists against the Republic of Korea, and to make an urgent appeal to the members of the United Nations to take effective measures to repulse the armed attack. The Security Council, to the great happiness of my Government and my people, and with dispatch and fortitude adopted a resolution submitted by the United States, not only to repel the armed attack, but also to restore peace and security in that area. Today I wish to express the heartfelt thanks of my Government and my people to the Security Council, and to the friendly members of the United Nations for their bold and united action to repel the cold-blooded and unprovoked armed attack against the peaceful people of Korea.

Mr. Austin, United States of America:

I wish to associate the United States of America with those gallant members of the United Nations who have commended so warmly the men and women of all countries, including my own, for the dedication of their lives, if necessary, for

the great principles of peace, principles which occupy the attention of the whole world on account of this dastardly outbreak in a small spot, but in a place where it can have an effect that is world-wide. It can have an effect, also, in the realm of morality, in the realm of great principles, and in the realm of freedom. The issue of freedom or slavery is involved in what appears, on its face, to be a small matter.

During the course of the discussion here the question has been implied, although not expressly asked, whether the United States of America would accept the responsibilities and bear the heavy burdens that are involved in this resolution. Of course the United States will do so. Of course the United States has considered in advance this resolution, and of course the United States could not author this resolution because of the big and special responsibilities that it imposes upon the United States. We are grateful indeed that we could be excused from doing that, and that so great and friendly nations as the United Kingdom and France should become the sponsors of this vital resolution.

We have already accepted the responsibilities of this resolution. In spirit if not in word, this resolution has been in effect since the very first resolution adopted in response to the call for help from Korea. Letters are on file from nations that have offered their specific contributions of men and material. The very language of those offers has established a precedent and a record which is the solid foundation of the language in this resolution. For example, I shall refer to the communication from Sir Terrence Shone, Document S/1515, dated June 29, 1950, relating to the appearance in the House of Commons of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on June 28, the first day after the adoption of the second Security Council resolution. Note the language of this and compare it with the language of the resolution just adopted by the Security Council:

"The House will wish to know what action His Majesty's Government is taking in pursuance of the resolution of the Security Council passed yesterday calling on all members of the United Nations to furnish assistance to the Republic of Korea. We have decided to support the United States action in Korea by immediately placing our Naval forces in Japanese waters at the disposal of the United States authorities to operate on behalf of the Security Council in support of South Korea. Orders to this effect have already been sent to the Naval Commander in Chief on the spot. Notification of this action is being made to the Security Council, the United States Government, the Government of South Korea, and all Commonwealth Governments."

I shall not take the time of the Council to go through other communications containing the same language. The Council will note that the individual contributor had the vision to see the necessity of having a unified command where so many members were participating and cooperating together, and named the country.

When we voted for the resolution contained in Document S/1587, we welcomed the prompt and vigorous support of these governments, we pointed out the limited area of the resolution, and we pointed to the resolutions of June 25 and 27. * * * The United States accepts the responsibility and makes the sacrifice that is involved in carrying out these principles of the United Nations. * * *

(d) Statement by the President of the United States, July 8, 1950: The Security Council of the United Nations in its resolution of July 7, 1950, has recommended that all members providing military forces and other assistance pursuant to the Security Council resolutions of June 25 and 27, make such forces and other assistance available to a unified command under the United States.

The Security Council resolution also requests that the United States designate the commander of such forces, and authorizes the unified command at its discretion to use the United Nations flag in the course of operations against the North Korean forces concurrently with the flags of the various nations participating.

I am responding to the recommendation of the Security Council and have designated Gen. Douglas MacArthur as the commanding general of the military forces which the members of the United Nations place under the unified command of the United States pursuant to the United Nations' assistance to the Republic of Korea in repelling the unprovoked armed attack against it.

I am directing General MacArthur, pursuant to the Security Council resolution, to use the United Nations flag in the course of operations against the North Korean forces concurrently with the flags of the various nations participating.

13. Tabulation of replies to United Nations on Security Council action

on Korea

(a) Support of Council action:

Latin-American states:

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

El Salvador

Guatemala

Haiti

Honduras

Europe and British Commonwealth—

Continued.

France
Iceland

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Sweden

Union of South Africa

United Kingdom

Near and middle eastern states:

Greece

India

(b) Rejection of Council action as illegal:

The following states have rejected as "illegal" the Security Council action on Korea in their replies to the Secretary General: U. S. S. R., Czechoslovakia, Poland, North Korea.

(c) Failure to reply to UN communication on Korea:

The following states have not yet replied to the Secretary General's communication on Korea:

European states:

Byelorussia
Ukrane

Near and middle eastern states:

Yugoslavia

Egypt
Iraq
Liberia
Syria

(NOTE. As a member of the Security Council, Yugoslavia voted against the resolution of June 27; Egypt, as a Security Council member, did not participate in the vote on the resolution of June 27.)

(d) Council of the Organization of American States:

The Council of the OAS has adopted a resolution declaring "its firm adherence to the decisions of the competent organs of the United Nations."

(e) Offer of military assistance:

Military assistance has been offered by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, China, and the Netherlands. (f) Individual replies:

1. Latin-American states

2

Argentina.-Affirms its resolute support of the United Nations (S/1533). Reaffirms readiness to comply to extent of its ability with international agreements it has signed (S/1568).

'References are to the UN document number.