Ruling Peasants: Village and State in Late Imperial RussiaNorthern Illinois University Press, 2007 - 271 頁 Who ruled the countryside in late Imperial Russia? On the rare occasions that tsarist administrators dared pose the question so boldly, they reluctantly answered that the peasants ruled. Historians have largely echoed this assessment, pointing to the state's failure to penetrate rural society as a key reason for the tsarist government's collapse. Ruling Peasants challenges this dominant paradigm of the closed village by investigating the ways peasants engaged tsarist laws and the local institutions that were created in a series of contradictory legal, administrative, and agrarian reforms from the late 1880s to the eve of World War I. Gaudin's analysis of the practices of village assemblies, local courts, and elected peasant elders reveals a society riven by dissension. As villagers argued among themselves in terms defined by government, the peasants and their communities were transformed. Key concepts such as "custom," "commune," "property," and "fairness" were forged in such dialogue between the rulers and the ruled. By the end of the nineteenth century, the framework of dialogue between the peasants and the state no longer worked. The more peasants used the institutions and laws available to them, the more they solicited the authorities, and the greater the obstacles to communication grew. Villagers' rising expectations for assistance foundered in the face of inconsistent state policies and arbitrary legal responses. Ironically, the success of often contradictory reforms--a success unrecognized by administrators themselves--contributed to undermining the state's legitimacy. |
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... rubles , while all limits were lifted for inheritance of allotment land and related property . The reformed courts also took over inheritance of non - allotment land valued at less than five hundred rubles . This last measure perhaps ...
... rubles a year . Twenty years later , these levels had changed little : many village elders in three central provinces continued to receive a modest 15–30 rubles a year ( at a time when a cow cost 40-60 rubles ) . Only rarely , in the ...
... rubles in 1881 , reached 42 million rubles in 1891 ( an increase of 25 % per desiatina of allotment land ) . Expenditures rose more rapidly after the arrival of land captains , reaching 57 million in 1894. The total for fifty provinces ...
內容
Ideologies of Authority and Institutional Settings | 14 |
Land Captains Peasant Officials and the Experience of Local Authority | 47 |
Volost Courts and the Dilemmas of Legal Acculturation | 85 |
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