CHAPTER IV.

COMING OF THE RUSSIAN:

China's First Contact with a European Power-Treaty of Aigun-

Looting of Peking by the Allies in 1860-The Treaty of Peking and

the Gift of the Maritime Province-The Cassini Convention-The

Russo-Chinese Treaty of Alliance of 1896-Concession for Building

the Chinese Eastern Railway Through North Manchuria-Its Sig-

nificance to the People of the Far East-Russian Silence over the

German Seizure of Kiaochou-The Lease of the Liaotung Peninsula

-Building of the South Manchuria Railway-Founding of the City

of Harbin-Boxer Trouble of 1900-British Hands Tied-Russian

Promise of Evacuating Manchuria-Passing of Russia from South

Manchuria-City of Harbin-Harbin an Industrial Center-Russian

Work in Port Arthur and Dalny

page 48

CHAPTER V.

ENTER JAPAN:

Historic Relations Between Manchuria and Japan-Sino-Japanese

War-Russo-Japanese War-Harriman and the Manchurian Rail-

ways-Japanese Traders' Entry into Manchuria-Kwantung Govern-

ment-General and the South Manchuria Railway-Railway Zone

Favored by Chinese Merchants-Change in the Russo-Japanese Rela-

tions in Manchuria-Change in the Russian Policy in Manchuria-

Great Britain and Japan in Manchuria-Do the Japanese Close the

Open Door in Manchuria?-Standard Oil Company's Concession

Cited America and Japan in Manchuria-Secretary Knox's Plan for

the "Neutralization" of the Manchurian Railways-Count Komura's

Reply to It-Twenty-one Demands-Anti-Japanese Propagandists

Capitalize It-Inside Story of the Twenty-one Demands-New Four

Power Loan Consortium and Manchuria-Manchurian Railways Built

with Japanese Loans

page 74

CHAPTER VI.

THE SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY:

Seven Hundred Mile American Show Window in Manchuria-

Railway Empire Builder-Magnitude of the Company-Investments

in Railways-Its Mining Operations-Building Dairen and Its Port

Facilities As Builder of Cities-S. M. R. More Than a Railway

Company Looking After Public Health of the Zone-Supplying Gas

and Electricity-Iron and Steel Works-Its Hotels-Research Work of

the S. M. R.

page 114

CHAPTER VII.

AGRICULTURE:

Farm Lands in Manchuria-Chinese Farmer Colonists-Character
of Farmers-Size of Manchurian Farms-Obstacles Against Large

Scale Farming in Manchuria-Soil Character-Farming Methods-

Farm Labor-Life Conditions of the Farmer-Crops-Soya Beans-

Kaoliang-Millet-Corn-Wheat-Barley-Lesser Crops-Fruit Trees

and Orchards .

Stock-farming-Manchurian and Mongolian Ponies-Sheep-Cattle

-Dogs-Manchurian Wool-Furs-Tussah or Wild Silk.

CHAPTER IX.

FORESTRY AND FOREST PRODUCTS:

page 179

Forest Areas-Great and Little Khingans-Yalu Basin-Changpai

Ranges Sansing District-Estimated Forest_ Wealth-Trees-Early

Logging Methods-Russian Activity in Yalu Lumber Business-Kirin

Forests Destructive Logging Methods-Tsar's Interest in the Yalu

Lumber-Formation of Large Lumber Companies

CHAPTER X.

MINING AND MINERAL WEALTH:

page 187

Gold in Manchuria-Moho Gold Field-Gold Fields in Kirin

Province-Coal Mines-Fushun-Yentai-Penhsihu-Dalainor-Iron

Mines Anshan-Miaoerhshan-Other Minerals-Oil from Shales

CHAPTER XI.

page 200

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES AND THEIR PRODUCTS:

Bean-oil Mills-Yufang-Old Fashioned Yufang and Its Methods

-Coming of Modern Oil Mills-Chemical Extraction Method-Flour

Milling Harbin the Center of Flour Mills-Effect of Russian Policy

on Harbin Mills-Chinese in Milling Business-Distilleries-Salt

Manufacturing-Other Industries

CHAPTER XII.

TRADE ROUTES AND TRANSPORTATION:

page 221

The Liao River-Its Value as a Trade Route-Only Route Open
to South Manchuria and Mongolia-No Roads in Summer Months-
Type of Junks-Yingkou in the Early Days-Its Trade in 1899-Bean
and Bean Oil Trade of Yingkou-Yingkou of To-day-The Yalu
Route-Its Handicaps as a Trade Route-Only Means of Trans-
portation in Eastern Manchuria-Type of Junks Used on It-Port
of Antung-Its Development Since Russo-Japanese War-The Sun-
gari-Compared to the Other River Routes-Its History as a Trade

Route The Country Through Which It Flows-Description of the

River Course-Agricultural Products in the Sungari Valley-Boats

Used on the Sungari-No Canals in Manchuria-Railways-Chinese

Eastern-Its Equipments-Its Cultural Work-Change of Policy-

Ssupingkai-Chengchiatung Railway-Changchun-Kirin Line-Rail-

ways to be Built

page 240

CHAPTER XIII.

TRADE AND TRADE TENDENCIES:

Manchurian Trade for 1922-Character of Manchurian Trade-
Reason of Japanese Interest in Manchuria-Growth of Manchurian
Trade-Rise of Dairen as a Port-Effects of World War on Man-
churian Foreign Trade-Opening Manchuria for Foreign Trade and
Residence-Japan's Position in Manchurian Trade-Rapid Gain of
Japanese Trade in Manchuria-Japanese Efforts to Secure the Man-
churian Trade-Japanese Financial and Commercial Interests Planted
in Manchuria-Position of Dairen in Manchurian Trade-Story of
Her Development-Dairen's Sensational Advance to Second Place
Among Ports of China-Dairen's Port Facilities-Shipping at Dairen
-Soya Beans and Manchurian Trade-Manchurian Trade in Cotton
Piece Goods-America's Position in Early Days-Its Decline-Anti-
Japanese Propagandists Making Capital Out of the Decline-Two
Plagues of Manchurian Trade-Her Currency-Her Taxation-Vari-
ous Kinds of Moneys Used There-Likin Tax

CHAPTER XIV.

GOVERNMENT:

page 251

History of Administration-Changes in Form of Provincial Admin-

istration Machinery-Five Boards-Creation of Viceroyalty-Revolu-

tion of 1911-Under the Tuchuns-Departments of a Provincial Gov-

ernment-Subdivisions of a Province-Tao and Hsien-Unofficial

Government of Manchuria-Merchant Guilds-Headmen

page 280

APPENDICES

1. THE SHIMONOSEKI TREATY-April 17th, 1895.

2. CONTRACT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION

OF THE CHINESE EASTERN RAILWAY-September

8th, 1896

3. AGREEMENT REGARDING RUSSO-CHINESE BANK ASSO-

CIATION-August 28th, 1896

4. THE CASSINI CONVENTION

PAGE

289

294

298

300

305

307

5. TREATY OF Alliance BETWEEN CHINA AND RUSSIA

-May, 1896

6. STATUTES OF THE CHINESE EASTERN RAILWAY.

7. RUSSIAN IMPERIAL UKAZ REGARDING JURISDICTION

IN CHINESE EASTERN RAILWAY ZONE-August

2nd, 1901

8. CONVENTION FOR THE LEASE OF THE LIAOTUNG

PENINSULA-March 27, 1898 .

9. RUSSIAN IMPERIAL ORDER REGARDING ESTABLISH-

MENT OF DALNY AS A FREE PORT-August 11,

1899

10. ADDITIONAL AGREEMENT DEFINING THE BOUNDARIES

of the Leased and NEUTRALIZED TERRITORY IN

THE LIAOTUNG PENINSULA-May 7, 1898

11. AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE SOUTHERN BRANCH

OF THE CHINESE Eastern RaiLWAY-July 6, 1898 326

12. FIRST SUPPLEMENT TO CHARTER OF CHINESE EAST-

ERN RAILWAY-February 17, 1899 .

13. IDENTIC NOTES EXCHANGED WITH REGARD to Rail-

way Interests IN CHINA-April 28, 1899 .

14. GERMAN-BRITISH AGREEment RelativE TO CHINA-

October 16, 1900.

15. RUSSO-CHINESE AGREEMENT REGARDING JURISDICTION

IN THE RAILWAY ZONE-July, 1901

16. OLD AGREEMENT REGARDING JURISDICTION IN THE

RAILWAY ZONE WHICH WAS AMENDED AS IN

APPENDIX 15

17. RUSSO-CHINESE CONVENTION WITH REGARD TO MAN-
CHURIA-April 8, 1902

18. THE PORTSMOUTH TREATY-September 5, 1905

19. SINO-JAPANESE TREATY AND ADDITIONAL AGREEMENT

RELATING TO MANCHURIA-December 22, 1905

20. ADDITIONAL AGREEMENT-December 22, 1905.

21. SUMMARY OF ALLEGED SECRET PROTOCOLS TO SINO-

JAPANESE TREaty of DecemBER 22, 1905

22. JAPANESE IMPERIAL ORDINANCE ON THE ORGANIZA-

TION OF SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY-June 7,

1906; AND THE ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION OF

THE SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY JOINT STOCK

COMPANY

PAGE

344

348
350

353

356

23. RUSSO-JAPANESE POLITICAL CONVENTION-July 30,

1907 .

24. PRELIMINARY AGREEMENT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION

OF THE CHINCHOU-AIGUN RAILWAY-October 2,

1909

373

374

378

25. RUSSO-JAPANESE CONVENTION IN REGARD TO MAN-
CHURIA-July 4, 1910

26. SINO-JAPANESE TREATY RESPECTING SOUTH MAN-

CHURIA AND EASTERN INNER MONGOLIA-May 25,

1915

27. LOAN AGREEMENT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE

KIRIN-HUEINING RAILWAY-June 18, 1918

379

28. LOAN AGREEMENT FOR RAILWAYS IN MANCHURIA

AND MONGOLIA-September 28, 1918