abiding friendship of the American people for all other peoples, and declares

That the American people deeply regret the artificial barriers which separate them from the peoples of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and which keep the Soviet peoples from learning of the desire of the American people to live in friendship with all other peoples, and to work with them in advancing the ideal of human brotherhood; and

That the American people believe the Soviet Government could advance the cause of peace immeasurably by removing those artifical barriers, thus permitting the free exchange of information between. our peoples; and

That the American people and their Government desire neither war with the Soviet Union nor the terrible consequences of such a war; and

That, although they are firmly determined to defend their freedom and security, the American people welcome all honorable efforts to resolve the differences standing between the United States Government and the Soviet Government and invite the peoples of the Soviet Union to cooperate in a spirit of friendship in this endeavor; and That the Congress request the President of the United States to call upon the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to acquaint the peoples of the Soviet Union with the contents of this resolution.

5. REPLY TO SOVIET CHARGES REGARDING THE MUTUAL SECURITY ACT OF 1951: Note From the American Embassy at Moscow to the Soviet Foreign Ministry, December 19, 1951 1

1

The United States Government categorically rejects the Soviet Government's allegations that the Act 3 constitutes interference in the internal affairs of the U. S. S. R. or a violation of the undertakings in the Roosevelt-Litvinov correspondence of November 16, 1933.4 The Mutual Security Act, by its very title and by all its provisions, is clearly designed to strengthen the defense of the Free World and, as regards Europe, to support European freedom through assistance

1 Department of State Bulletin, Dec. 31, 1951, p. 1056.

2 See Soviet note of Nov. 21, 1951 (ibid., Dec. 3, 1951, pp. 910-911) and statement of the same date by the Department of State (ibid., p. 910). For the development of this campaign by the Soviet Union against the Mutual Security Program, see also statements by U. S. Representatives to the U.N. General Assembly on Nov. 27, 1951 (ibid., Dec. 24, 1951, pp. 1010-1011); Dec. 13, 1951 (ibid., Jan. 7, 1952, pp. 28-29); Dec. 19, 1951 (ibid., pp. 29-35); Jan. 11, 1952 (ibid., Jan. 28, 1952, pp. 128-129). Cf. the Czechoslovak notes to the United States of Oct. 13, 1952 (ibid., Dec. 1, 1952, pp. 851-852) and Jan. 30, 1953 (ibid., Mar. 16, 1953, pp. 410-411); the American notes to Czechoslovakia of Nov. 18, 1952 (ibid., Dec. 1, 1952, pp. 850-851) and Mar. 4, 1953 (ibid., Mar. 16, 1953, pp. 409-410); and discussion of the question in the Political and Security Committee of the General Assembly, Mar. 23-25, 1953 (ibid., Apr. 6, 1953, pp. 515516).

3 Act of Oct. 10, 1951; 65 Stat. 373-387. See also infra, pp. 3059–3086. Foreign Relations of the United States: The Soviet Union, 1933-1939, pp. 1–62.

to the defense of the NATO countries. The provision of the Act to which the Soviet Government referred is intended to provide assistance for victims of oppression, when such assistance has been determined to contribute to the defense of the North Atlantic area. Assistance of this nature is in keeping with the traditional United States policy of helping victims of oppression, in this instance those Eastern Europeans who have escaped or may escape to the Free World. The United States Government denies the implication of the reference note that rendering assistance to refugees from oppression and refusal to return them to the oppressor governments constitutes subversion or interference in the internal affairs of those governments.

As has been repeatedly made clear previously, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, established for defensive purposes only and has no aggressive aims. The Organization would not have been necessary if, since the end of World War II, the U. S. S. R. had not adopted an aggressive and threatening attitude toward the individual countries of the Free World, who have now joined in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization for their common defense. It is therefore obvious that any North Atlantic Treaty Organization assistance authorized by the Mutual Security Act is not, as alleged by the Soviet Government, designed for aggressive purposes against the U. S. S. R. or any other

country.

The Soviet note under reference clearly represents another of many attempts to disrupt particular aspects of the defense effort of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization by falsely charging for propaganda purposes that a specific facet of United States support for the objects of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is aimed with aggressive intent against the U. S. S. Ř.

The United States Government states in conclusion that false charges of interference in Soviet internal affairs come with singular ill-grace from a regime which has for many years consistently supported subversive activities directed against the United States and other nations of the Free World.

6. TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS ON SOVIET OFFICIALS IN THE UNITED STATES: Note From the Secretary of State to the Soviet Ambassador at Washington, March 10, 1952 2

The Secretary of State presents his compliments to His Excellency the Ambassador of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and has the honor to invite the Ambassador's attention to note No. 46/PR of January 15, 1952,3 note No. 1130/PR of September 30, 1948, and

Alexander S. Panyushkin.

2 Department of State Bulletin, Mar. 24, 1952, p. 451. See also statement of Mar. 10, 1952, by the Department of State regarding travel restrictions in the Soviet Union (ibid., p. 452).

3 Not printed.

4

Department of State Bulletin, Oct. 24, 1948, p. 525.

the note verbale dated May 16, 1941,1 addressed to the United States Embassy at Moscow by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the effect of which has been to restrict the travel in the Soviet Union of American diplomatic and consular officers, as well as of the other members of the staff of the American Embassy at Moscow.

In view of the restrictions which have been placed upon the travel of American diplomatic and consular representatives and employees in the Soviet Union, the Government of the United States is constrained to regulate the travel of Soviet personnel assigned to the Embassy in Washington, Soviet representatives of the official Soviet news agency, TASS, and Soviet representatives of other publicity media who are assigned for duty in Washington and Soviet official personnel assigned to Amtorg2 in New York. Effective immediately Soviet official personnel of the Embassy in Washington, TASS representatives and others who are Soviet citizens assigned for newspaper work in Washington are required not to travel to any point more than 25 miles distant from the center of Washington without previous official notification at least 48 hours in advance. Soviet official personnel assigned to Amtorg shall not travel to any point more than 25 miles distant from the center of New York City without previous official notification at least 48 hours in advance.

In the case of Soviet civilian officials, the notification should be addressed to the Department of State; and in the case of Soviet military personnel to the appropriate Army, Navy or Air Force foreign liaison office. Notification should contain the name of each traveler, complete and detailed information concerning his projected travel, including itinerary, points of stopover, and duration of journey.

The United States Government observes that by reason of the action of the Soviet Government in restricting the travel of United States official personnel in the USSR, it is compelled similarly to regulate Soviet official personnel. At the same time the United States Government states it is prepared to reexamine the question of travel regulations in the light of the treatment accorded United States official representatives in the Soviet Union.

Note From

7. RECALL OF THE AMERICAN AMBASSADOR: the American Embassy at Moscow to the Soviet Foreign Ministry, October 8, 1952 3

The receipt is acknowledged of the note of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of October 3 informing the United States Government that the Soviet Government considers Ambassador George F. Kennan as persona non grata and requesting Mr. Kennan's immediate recall. The Soviet Government in its note bases its attitude on statements made on September 19 by Ambassador Kennan in Berlin to repre1 Department of State Bulletin, Oct. 24, 1948, p. 525.

2 Amtorg Trading Corporation.

3 Department of State Bulletin, Oct. 20, 1952, p. 603. • Ibid.

sentatives of the press which the Soviet Government characterizes as "slanderous attacks hostile to the Soviet Union in gross violation of generally recognized norms of international law."

Ambassador Kennan's statement accurately and in moderate language described the position of foreign diplomats accredited to the Soviet Government. It is this treatment of diplomatic representatives, systematically applied over a period of years by the Soviet Government, which grossly violates the traditions and customs in international intercourse developed over generations.

In the light of the above, the United States Government cannot accept the charges made by the Soviet Government as constituting valid reasons for acceding to the request for the recall of Ambassador Kennan.

8. SUBJUGATION OF FREE PEOPLES BY THE SOVIET UNION: Letter From the President to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives Transmitting a Draft Resolution, February 20, 1953 2

Dear Mr. President:

Mr. Speaker:

In my message to Congress of February 2, 1953,3 I stated that I would ask the Congress at a later date to join in an appropriate resolution, making clear that we would never acquiesce in the enslav ement of any people in order to purchase fancied gain for ourselves, and that we would not feel that any past agreements committed us to any such enslavement.

İn pursuance of that portion of the message to Congress, I now have the honor to inform you that I am concurrently informing the President of the Senate (the Speaker of the House) that I invite the concurrence of the two branches of the Congress in a declaration, in which I would join as President which would:

(1) Refer to World War II international agreements or understandings concerning other peoples;

(2) Point out that the leaders of the Soviet Communist Party who now control Russia, in violation of the clear intent of these agreements or understandings, subjected whole nations concerned to the domination of a totalitarian imperialism;

(3) Point out that such forceful absorption of free peoples into an aggressive despotism increases the threat against the security of all remaining free peoples, including our own;

(4) State that the people of the United States, true to their tradition and heritage of freedom, have never acquiesced in such enslavement of any peoples;

See the statement by the Secretary of State at a press conference on Oct. 3, 1952, in which he defended Ambassador Kennan's references to Soviet restrictions on Americans in Moscow (ibid., Oct. 13, 1952, p. 557).

? Department of State Bulletin, Mar. 2, 1953, pp. 353–354.

'Supra, pp. 61–65.

(5) Point out that it is appropriate that the Congress should join with the President to give expression to the desires and hopes of the American people;

(6) Conclude a declaration that the Senate and the House join with the President in declaring that the United States rejects any interpretations or applications of any international agreements or understandings, made during the course of World War II, which have been perverted to bring about the subjugation of free peoples and further join in proclaiming the hope that the peoples, who have been subjected to the captivity of Soviet despotism, shall again enjoy the right of self-determination within a framework which will sustain the peace; that they shall again have the right to choose the form of government under which they will live, and that sovereign rights of self-government shall be restored to them all in accordance with the pledge of the Atlantic Charter.1

I am enclosing a form of draft resolution, which, in my opinion, carries out the purposes outlined above, and in which I am prepared

to concur.

(Enclosure)

Draft Resolution 2

Whereas, During World War II, representatives of the United States, during the course of secret conferences, entered into various international agreements or understandings concerning other peoples; and

Whereas. The leaders of the Soviet Communist Party, who now control Russia, have, in violation of the clear intent of these agreements or understandings, subjected the peoples concerned including whole nations, to the domination of a totalitarian imperialism; and Whereas, Such forcible absorption of free peoples into an aggressive despotism increases the threat against the security of all remaining free peoples including our own; and

Whereas, The people of the United States, true to their tradition and heritage of freedom, are never acquiescent in such enslavement of any peoples; and

Whereas, It is appropriate that the Congress join with the President in giving expression to the desires and hopes of the people of the United States: Therefore be it

Resolved, That the Senate and House concurring,

Join with the President in declaring that the United States rejects any interpretations or applications of any international agreements or understandings, made during the course of World War II, which have been perverted to bring about the subjugation of free peoples, and further

1 A Decade of American Foreign Policy, pp. 1-2.

2 This draft resolution was later introduced in the House of Representatives as H. J. Res. 200, 83d Cong., 1st sess., and, together with other draft resolutions on this same subject (H. J. Res. 36, 111, and 162, and H. Con. Res. 13, 22, and 68), was referred to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. Following hearings, none of these measures was reported out of committee.