Mindful of the authority of the General Assembly to "recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation, regardless of origin, which it deems likely to impair the general welfare or friendly relations among nations",

1. Takes note of the declaration of the Yugoslav delegation that the Government of Yugoslavia for its part is ready to do all that is necessary for the carrying out of the recommendations of the present resolution;

2. Recommends that the Governments concerned:

(a) Conduct their relations and settle their disputes in accordance with the spirit of the United Nations Charter;

(b) Conform in their diplomatic intercourse with the rules and practices which are customary in international relations;

(c) Settle frontier disputes by means of mixed frontier commissions or other peaceful means of their choice.

70. JOINT COMMUNIQUÉ REGARDING ECONOMIC DISCUS1 SIONS, NOVEMBER 22, 1954 1

Mutually beneficial informal discussions on economic matters which have been under way since November 12 between representatives of the Yugoslav and United States Governments, were concluded today. The Yugoslav delegation was under the leadership of General Svetozar Vukmanović, Vice President of the Federal Executive Council of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, assisted by Mr. Stanislav Kopcok, Counsellor in the Yugoslav State Secretariat for Foreign Affairs, and Mr. Kiro Gligorov, Deputy Director of the Yugoslav Federal Planning Institute. The Yugoslav Ambassador to the United States, Mr. Leo Mates, also was present.

For the American side, the talks were conducted by Mr. Harold Stassen, Director of the Foreign Operations Administration; Under Secretary of State Herbert Hoover, Jr.; Deputy Under Secretary of State Robert Murphy; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Thorsten Kalijarvi; and Dr. D. A. Fitzgerald, Foreign Operations Administration Deputy Director.

During the talks, a broad informal exchange of views took place on many aspects of Yugoslavia's economic situation. Particular attention was directed to Yugoslavia's balance of payments position, its supply of wheat and raw materials, and its foreign debt burden. The talks have led to an increased understanding on the part of the representatives of the two countries of their mutual problems, and it is anticipated that further consideration of these matters will be carried forward in Belgrade.

1 Department of State Bulletin, Dec. 6, 1954, p. 869.

71. COMMUNIQUÉ BY THE AMBASSADORS OF THE UNITED STATES, THE UNITED KINGDOM, AND FRANCE AT BELGRADE AND THE YUGOSLAV UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS, JUNE 27, 19551

Talks were held in Belgrade from June 24 to 27 between the Yugoslav Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, M. Prica, the Ambassadors of the United States, the United Kingdom and France on the general international situation and questions of direct mutual

concern.

These talks were a further step in a series of consultations, individual, or collective, between representatives of the three Western Governments and the Yugoslav Government.

This exchange of views, which took place in an atmosphere of cordiality and mutual confidence, confirmed the wide measure of agreement among the four Governments in their approach to the various international questions under review.

This meeting had special significance in view of the recent more favorable developments in the international situation. The four Governments were agreed that solutions to outstanding problems should be sought by peaceful means and by negotiations based upon full respect for and recognition of the right of all nations to independence, equality, self-defense and collective security in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations. They will continue to promote such solutions.

The four Governments express their firm conviction that the existence of a strong and independent Yugoslavia and continued cooperation between them under conditions of full equality are a contribution to peace and stability. They consider that the fruitful cooperation being developed in all fields in the Balkan alliance' is also an important contribution to peace and stability in this part of the world.

They believe that this method of exchange of views can help to promote an even closer understanding between themselves and can also contribute to a further improvement in the general international situation and to world peace. They are confident that the good relations developed between them in recent years in so many fields will be maintained and further expanded.

72. JOINT COMMUNIQUÉ REGARDING VISIT OF THE DEPUTY UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE TO BELGRADE, OCTOBER 1, 19551

3

The visit of Deputy Under Secretary Robert Murphy to Belgrade has provided opportunity for frank and fruitful discussion of a wide

1 Department of State Bulletin, July 11, 1955, pp. 49–50.

2 Treaties of Feb. 28, 1953, and Aug. 9, 1954; supra, pp. 1233-1239.

• Robert Murphy.

• Department of State Bulletin, Oct. 10, 1955, p. 566.

range of problems of mutual interest to Yugoslavia and the United States. As a result, differences of opinion have been ironed out and a clearer understanding of objectives reached. This has been achieved in a very cordial atmosphere and should establish a solid basis for the further cooperation of the two countries. These meetings gave further evidence of the confidence and mutual respect which has been established between the two countries in recent years.

During his visit Mr. Murphy, accompanied by Ambassador [James W.] Riddleberger, had luncheon and two conversations with President Tito and several meetings with Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Prica, Vice President Vukmanović-Tempo, and Defense Minister Gosnjak. Mr. Murphy concluded his conversations with a luncheon on October 1 tendered at the American Embassy in honor of Vice President Kardelj and other high-ranking Yugoslav and American officials.

73. STATEMENT REGARDING VISIT BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE TO YUGOSLAVIA, NOVEMBER 7, 19551

On November 6, 1955, the United States Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, met with the President of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, Josip Broz-Tito, at Brioni. The President of the Republic entertained the Secretary of State and his party at luncheon.

Participating in the subsequent talks, held in the spirit of friendship and mutual understanding, were the Ambassador to Yugoslavia, James Riddleberger, and the Counselor of the State Department, Douglas MacArthur II, on the American side, and the Vice President of the Federal Executive Council, Edward Kardelj, the State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Koča Popovič, and the Secretary General of the President of the Republic, Joza Vilfan, on the Yugoslav side.

Views were exchanged on the international situation and questions of mutual interest. The subjects that had been discussed were later outlined by the Secretary of State at his press conference.2

Agreement was noted on a series of issues, particularly as to the possibility and necessity of continued efforts to improve international relations and with regard to the further broadening of the friendly cooperation between the two countries.

The meeting proved once again the usefulness of such personal contacts for a better understanding of the mutual positions and for the promoting of the cause of peace and international cooperation under the charter of the United Nations.

1 Department of State Bulletin, Nov. 21, 1955, p. 833. The statement was released to the press by the U.S. delegation to the Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers. See also Secretary Dulles' statement of Nov. 6, 1955; ibid.

Mr. Dulles said in part: "The final subject of our talk was the problem of the States of Eastern Europe. We reached common accord on recognizing the importance of independence for these States, noninterference from the outside in their internal affairs, and their right to develop their own social and economic order in ways of their own choice." (Ibid., p. 833).

Part XIII

NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST, SOUTH ASIA, AND AFRICA

A. BASIC UNITED STATES POLICY

1. INCREASING STABILITY AND SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST: Message by the President to the Congress, May 24, 1951 (Excerpt)1

The countries of the Middle East are, for the most part, less developed industrially than those of Europe. They are, nevertheless, of great importance to the security of the entire free world. This region is a vital link of land, sea, and air communications between Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the free nations of the Middle East, lie half of the oil reserves of the world.

No part of the world is more directly exposed to Soviet pressure. The Kremlin has lost no opportunity to stir these troubled waters, as the postwar record amply demonstrates. Civil war in Greece; pressure for Turkish concessions on the Dardanelles; sponsorship of the rebellious Tudeh party in Iran; furthering of factional strife in the Arab States and Israel-all reflect a concerted design for the extension of Soviet domination to this vital area.

There is no simple formula for increasing stability and security in the Middle East. With the help of American military and economic assistance, Soviet pressure has already been firmly resisted in Turkey and the Soviet-inspired guerrilla war has been decisively defeated in Greece. But the pressure against the Middle East is unremitting. It can be overcome only by a continued build-up of armed defenses and the fostering of economic development. Only through such measures can these peoples advance toward stability and improved living conditions, and be assured that their aims can best be achieved through strengthening their associations in the free world.

To these ends, I am recommending 415 million dollars in military aid, for Greece, Turkey, and Iran; a portion of this aid will be avail

1 Department of State Bulletin, June 4, 1951, p. 887; H. Doc. 147, 82d Cong., 1st sess. See also statement by the Secretary of State, June 26, 1951; Departent of State Bulletin, July 9, 1951, p. 51.

able for other Middle Eastern nations if necessary. I am also recommending 125 million dollars in economic aid for Middle Eastern countries, exclusive of Greece and Turkey for whom economic aid is provided as part of the program for Europe. This amount also includes programs of technical assistance to Libya, Liberia, and Ethiopia, three independent states of Africa whose economic problems are similar to those of the Middle Eastern countries.

Continuing military aid for Greece and Turkey will make possible the further strengthening of these countries' large and well-trained armed forces, which have already displayed their valiant resolution in the fight for freedom in Korea. In Iran, continuing military aid is required to help build internal security and defense, together with economic aid to help sustain the Iranian economy and give impetus to the much needed longer-term process of economic development for the benefit of the Iranian people.

In the Arab States and Israel, the fundamental requirement is a regional approach to the basic problems of economic development. This is urgently needed to reduce existing tensions, especially through the orderly settlement of homeless refugees. The program for the Arab States will expand needed food production through the development of land and water resources. The program for Israel will help that country to maintain her economy during an especially trying period of her national development. At the same time, the program of assistance to the Arab refugees from Palestine, which will necessarily extend beyond the coming fiscal year, has the threefold purpose of assisting the settlement of refugees, of strengthening those states wherein they settle, and assisting both Israel and the Arab States by removing this threat to the peace of the area.

The program I am now proposing is a balanced program for strengthening the security of the Middle East. It will make a solid contribution to our hopes for peace.

2. SIX MAJOR POLICY ISSUES: Address by the Secretary of State Upon His Return From a Tour of the Region, June 1, 1953 1

About 3 weeks ago, the Director for Mutual Security, Mr. Harold Stassen, and I and our associates set out, at President Eisenhower's request, on a trip to 12 countries which lie in between the Mediterranean in Europe and China in Asia. I shall give you our country-bycountry impressions and then our general conclusions.

First, let me say that everywhere we were well received. This was encouraging, for several of the countries feel that the United States policies have, in recent years, been harmful and even antagonistic to them. The Communists have vigorously exploited this feeling. They staged some hostile demonstrations. But these were inconsequential. The governments received us with warm hospitality, and

1 Department of State Bulletin, June 15, 1953, pp. 831-835 (printed also as Department of State publication 5088; 1953). Secretary Dulles' report was delivered to the Nation over radio and television networks from Washington.