(c). Depending on international authority, the Saudi Arabian Government agrees that:

(i) If any member of the armed forces of the United States commits an offense inside Dhahran Airfield he will be subject to United States military jurisdiction.

(ii) In the case of any offense committed by a member of the armed forces of the United States outside Dhahran Airfield at Al Khobar, Dammam, Dhahran, Ras Tanura, the beaches south of Al Khobar to Half Moon Bay, and the roads leading to these places, the Saudi Arabian authorities will arrest the offender and after promptly completing the preliminary investigation will turn such person over to the Mission at Dhahran Airfield for trial and punishment under American military jurisdiction.

(iii) Any offense committed by a member of the armed forces of the United States outside the places mentioned in (i) and (ii) will be subject to the local jurisdiction of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

(d). Claims for compensation for damages arising out of acts of members of the armed forces of the United States will be settled by agreement between the appropriate Saudi Arabian authorities and the Head of the Mission. In case no agreement is reached, settlement will be made through diplomatic channels.

14. Members, personnel and employees of the Mission who are United States nationals will be in possession of valid passports or identification papers to be presented to the appropriate authorities upon arrival at Dhahran Airfield. All of them must obtain Saudi visas from the point of departure, and if, for unavoidable reasons, it is impossible to obtain such visas, the Saudi Arabian Government will honor competent United States Government travel orders on condition that such persons are not undesirable. If anyone arrives without having followed the said arrangements, he will be subject to the laws and regulations of the Saudi Arabian Government.

15. The United States Government agrees to provide the Saudi Arabian Government the following services:

(a). A military training program, the details of which will be agreed upon in a separate agreement and whereby an American military mission will be sent to Saudi Arabia.1

(b). Training in the maintenance and operation of airfields to a maximum at one time of one hundred Saudi Arabian students selected by the Saudi Arabian Government. The Saudi Arabian Government will select from these students, in consultation with the Mission, twenty Saudi Arabian students to pursue at United States Air Force schools in the United States advanced technical training in airfield operation and maintenance, under conditions embodied in the attached annex. Saudi Arab students of the Training Mission who have completed a course of technical training in United States schools and who have been found fully qualified in their technical specialty will, to the maximum degree possible, be given consideration and priority for employment at Dhahran Airfield. Every opportunity will be

1 See the agreement of June 27, 1953 (TIAS 2812; 4 UST 1482).

taken to increase the training and experience of these advanced graduates to the degree where they will be capable of administering and operating the international airports of Saudi Arabia. Rates of pay will be on the same scale as others of equal qualifications.

(c). In cases of emergency the United States will provide Saudi Arabia for its state-owned aircraft at delivery cost price, aircraft parts, including engines, when such parts can be made available from stock at Dhahran Airfield. In the event that such parts cannot be made available at Dhahran Airfield, the United States will assist Saudi Arabia in procuring them from commercial sources.

(d). The Mission will make available, within the capabilities of its facilities in operation at Dhahran Airfield, its weather services, radio communications, air rescue and aircraft operation services for the use of civilian aircraft which are authorized by the Saudi Arabian Government to use Dhahran Airfield.

(e). The United States Mission will provide to the best of its ability and within its capabilities at Dhahran Airfield medical treatment and dispensary services for Saudi Arabian nationals who are employees of the United States Mission and for Saudi members and students of the United States Training Mission. In the event of epidemic or infectious diseases the United States Mission will assist the Saudi Arabian Government to the extent possible to combat the situation.

16. Upon the termination of this Agreement, the Mission will return to the Saudi Arabian Government in sound operating condition all fixed installations, properties and equipment of which it makes use in the operation and maintenance of Dhahran Airfield.

17. (a). The Mission is permitted to construct wells, water reservoirs or dams to insure an ample supply of water for Dhahran Airfield.

(b). The Mission will undertake, in cooperation with the appropriate Saudi authorities, to take such steps as may be mutually agreed upon to improve health and sanitation in areas contiguous to Dhahran Airfield.

18. The Mission is permitted to contract for any construction work at Dhahran Airfield authorized by this Agreement without restriction as to choice of contractor provided that the contracting firm or the people working with it will not be unacceptable to the Saudi Arabian Government. So far as may be practicable, Saudi nationals will be given preference in employment and contracts.

19. Nothing in this Agreement shall be interpreted or construed to infringe or detract in any way from the complete and absolute sovereignty of the Saudi Arabian Government over Dhahran Airfield, nor does it include any authorization whatsoever which would for any reason permit flying over, landing or conducting any aviation operations over or near the Holy Places or over any prohibited areas. 20. This Agreement shall come into force as of this date, shall continue in force for a period of five years, and shall remain in force for an additional period of five years thereafter unless, six months prior to the termination of the first five year period, either party to the

Agreement gives to the other notice of intention to modify or terminate the Agreement.

ANNEX

The following are the conditions covering the training of Saudi Arabian students in the United States as specified in paragraph 15 (b).:

1. Transportation from Dhahran to the United States and return will be furnished by the United States Air Force via military aircraft at no cost to the Saudi Arabian Government. Travel within the United States will be at the expense of the Saudi Arabian Government although the United States Air Force will render all advice and assistance to trainees.

2. Saudi students will mess at their own expense on a cost basis at Officers' Messes at the established local rates.

3. Where quarters are available, they will be furnished on a scale equivalent to that authorized officers of the United States Air Force. No reimbursement will be made to the United States for this service. Where quarters are not available, the officer trainee or the Saudi Arabian Government will make their own arrangements at no cost to the United States Government.

4. All training will be without cost to the Saudi Arabian Government except as herein provided. Special clothing and equipment required for the prescribed training courses will be furnished for use during the training course upon a temporary loan basis at no cost to the Saudi Arabian Government.

5. Commissary, post exchange and similar privileges which are ordinarily available to officers of the United States Air Force will be extended to these trainees.

6. Medical care will be furnished when available on the same basis as furnished United States Air Force personnel, at no cost to the Saudi Arabian Government other than for subsistence."

I have been authorized to inform Your Royal Highness of my Government's agreement to your proposal that your note and this reply should constitute an Agreement between our two Governments effective as of this date.

Please accept, your Highness, the assurances of my highest consideration.

Defense Facilities in Libya

17. USE OF DEFENSE FACILITIES IN AGREED AREAS IN LIBYA: Agreement and Memorandum of Understanding Between the United States and Libya, September 9, 1954 1

PREAMBLE

1

The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Libya, desiring to strengthen the firm friendship and understanding now existing between them; confirming their determination to cooperate amicably and to support each other mutually in the international field, and to contribute to the maintenance of peace and security within the framework of the Charter of the United Nations; and being of the opinion that cooperation within the territory of Libya will assist in achieving these objectives; have entered into the present Agreement.

ARTICLE I

AGREED AREAS

(1) The Government of the United Kingdom of Libya grants permission to the Government of the United States of America to occupy and use for military purposes, for the duration of the present Agreement and in accordance with its terms and conditions, those areas which are presently used and occupied by the Government of the United States of America as well as such additional areas as may be agreed upon in writing from time to time by the two Governments. All areas used and occupied by the Government of the United States of America pursuant to this paragraph shall hereinafter be referred to as "agreed areas".

(2) A particular agreed area shall cease to be considered as such whenever the Government of the United States of America shall notify the Government of the United Kingdom of Libya that it no longer requires such area.

ARTICLE II

DEVELOPMENT AND SECURITY OF AGREED AREAS

The Government of the United States of America may make arrangements for and carry out directly or through its contractors the installation, construction and removal of facilities within the agreed areas to improve and adapt such areas for military purposes and to provide for the internal security of such areas. The authorities

1 TIAS 3107; 5 UST 2449. See also the memorandum of understanding of Feb. 24, 1955, relating to jurisdiction over United States Armed Forces under the Sept. 9, 1954 agreement (TIAS 3607; 7 UST 2051).

of the Government of the United States of America will not, however, demolish any buildings existing on public lands at the time of first entry of the United States forces on such lands or cut or remove trees in any substantial number growing on such lands without the consent of the appropriate authorities of the Government of the United Kingdom of Libya.

ARTICLE III

CONTROL OF AIRCRAFT, VESSELS AND VEHICLES

(1) The Government of the United States of America may exercise full control over aircraft, ships and water-borne craft, and vehicles entering, leaving and while within the agreed areas.

(2) The Government of the United Kingdom of Libya shall arrange for such controls over aircraft, vessels and vehicles entering, leaving and while within areas near the agreed areas as are agreed by the two Governments to be necessary to carry out the purposes of the present Agreement and ensure the security of United States forces and property in Libya.

ARTICLE IV

COMMUNICATION AND PIPELINE FACILITIES

The Government of the United States of America may construct and maintain such wire communication and pipeline facilities outside of the agreed areas as the two Governments agree are necessary to carry out the purposes of the present Agreement.

ARTICLE V

PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES

Upon the request of the Government of the United States of America and provided that the Government of the United Kingdom of Libya is assured that the public and private interests in Libya will be duly safeguarded, the public services and facilities in Libya shall be made available as far as practicable for the use of the Government of the United States of America and members of the United States forces. The charges therefor shall be the same as those paid by other users, unless otherwise agreed.

ARTICLE VI

USE OF AGREED AREAS

(1) The agreed areas shall be used and occupied exclusively by the Government of the United States of America except as otherwise provided in this Article. Agreed areas used exclusively by the Government of the United States of America will be maintained at its expense.

(2) The two Governments, as an element in collective military measures to maintain or restore international security, may agree to