ways to diminish the risk of armed attack against the treaty area and the danger of subversion from without. Also we shall begin to study economic problems. These are not capable of any dramatic and spectacular solution, but they do respond to steady, painstaking, and sympathetic efforts.

The first task is to deal with fundamentals. That we are already doing, particularly in the basic realm of education. United States. universities and colleges are cooperating with Asian institutions in Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Many United States technicians are serving in Asia in economic, educational, and health tasks, and the number is being increased. Our cooperation is already beginning to show results in better food and better health, and we are together taking the first steps to expand trade, to increase private investment, and to raise standards of living.

In such ways, we can justify man's faith in freedom.

There should indeed be no cleavage between the Western and Asian nations. Our concept of the nature of man had its beginning in Ásia, where East and West met. We believe that all men are the creation and concern of a universal God and that He has endowed every person with a right to develop in accordance with the dictates of his individual reason and conscience.

That religious faith, politically translated into the Magna Charta, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man, and our own Declaration of Independence, was, as Lincoln said of our Declaration, nothing exclusive but designed to provide "liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope for the world for all future time."

We also realize that, if human liberty is to be a reality, there must be an economic as well as a political foundation. The impoverished and the destitute cannot be truly free. So we recognize that economic values are essential to give reality to the moral and political values that we cherish.

Such a philosophy is indeed very different from that of Soviet communism.

Soviet communism denies the principle of human equality and instead substitutes the principle of class rule.

It denies that men are capable of self-government and substitutes the principle of dictatorship, the so-called dictatorship of the proletariat.

It denies nationalism, except as it can be used as a slogan to drive. a wedge between East and West and prepare the way for an absorption of the peoples by international communism.

It preaches a new doctrine of segregation. The peoples of Asia, it is said, must be segregated from the peoples of the West. The new nations of Asia must be segregated from association with others.

The guile behind this is obvious. The Soviet and Chinese Communists know that their combined power can dominate the Eurasian continent. If the other nations of Europe and Asia stand alone, they

President Lincoln's speech of Feb. 22, 1861, delivered in Independence Hall, Philadelphia; Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. IV, (New Brunswick, N. J., 1953), p. 240.

will be unable to resist the iron embrace of international communism. At the Berlin Conference last year, Mr. Molotov denounced NATO and proposed a European security system which would exclude the United States. Now, the Soviet and Chinese Communists denounce the Manila Pact, because it may bring to Southeast Asia the strength needed to resist Communist aggression.

The Bangkok Conference will enable the free nations of the West and of the East to begin a vital demonstration. They can show that, through association as sovereign equals, they can each help the other to independence, security, and well-being.

That result accords with the high ideals with which our nation was founded. It is in keeping with what our people have sought throughout their history. So our delegation goes to Bangkok with confidence, because we know that our mission is sustained by national faith and national purpose.

B. THE PACIFIC AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

The ANZUS Pact

[For the text of the Security Treaty of Sept. 1, 1951, between the United States, Australia, and New Zealand (the ANZUS Treaty), see supra, pp. 878-880.]

3. ESTABLISHING THE MACHINERY OF THE ANZUS COUNCIL: Communiqué of the First Meeting of the ANZUS Council, Kaneohe, Hawaii, August 7, 1952 2

The ANZUS Council established by the security treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States concluded its first meeting at Kaneohe today. The Right Honorable Richard G. Casey, Minister for External Affairs, represented Australia; The Honorable T. Clifton Webb, Minister for External Affairs, represented New Zealand; and The Honorable Dean Acheson, Secretary of State, represented the United States of America.

Advisers of the Australian Minister for External Affairs included: The Honorable Sir Percy Spender, Ambassador to the United States; Mr. Alan Watt, Secretary, Department of External Affairs; Sir Frederick Shedden, Secretary, Department of Defense and Air; Vice Marshal F. R. W. Schergerhead, Australian Joint Service Staff.

1 See Soviet proposal of Feb. 10, 1954; Foreign Ministers Meeting: Berlin Discussions, January 25-February 18, 1954 (Department of State publication 5399; 1954), pp. 231-232.

2 Department of State Bulletin, Aug. 18, 1952, pp. 244–245.

3 Treaty of Sept. 1, 1951; supra, pp. 878-880.

The Advisers of the New Zealand Minister for External Affairs included: The Honorable Leslie K. Munro, Ambassador to the United States; Mr. Foss Shanahan, Deputy Secretary, Department of External Affairs; and Major General W. G. Gentry, Chief of General Staff.

The Advisers of the United States Secretary of State included: The Honorable Philip C. Jessup, Ambassador at Large; The Honorable George W. Perkins, Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs; The Honorable John M. Allison, Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs; and Admiral Arthur W. Radford, Commander in Chief, Pacific and U. S. Pacific Fleet.

At the end of the meeting the three Foreign Ministers issued the following announcement:

[The] ANZUS treaty recognizes that an armed attack in the Pacific. area on any of the parties would be dangerous to the peace and security of all signatories and declares that each would act to meet the common danger in accordance with constitutional processes. The treaty also establishes the Council as the means for a closer consultative relationship among the three governments. We believe that the Council will afford each of us the opportunity to achieve more effective cooperation. as members of the free world. We take this occasion to reaffirm the principles of the treaty.

At this first meeting we have established the necessary organization to implement the treaty. In following the provisions of the treaty which states that the Council is to consist of the three foreign ministers or their deputies we have agreed that the Council of Ministers should meet annually, one year in the United States and the alternate year in Australia or New Zealand. The Council also agreed that special meetings normally attended by the Deputies will be held in Washington to provide for continuing consultation and to provide a focus where existing channels and agencies may be utilized in the implementation of the treaty.

The deputy members of the Council will be: For Australia, The Honorable Sir Percy C. Spender, Ambassador to the United States; for New Zealand, The Honorable Leslie K. Munro, Ambassador to the United States; and for the United States, The Honorable David K. Bruce, Under Secretary of State.

To ensure that effective measures are taken to implement Article III of the treaty the Council will have the advice of appropriate military officers of the three governments. Admiral Arthur W. Radford, USN, has been designated as the United States military representative accredited to the Council. The Australian and New Zealand military representatives will soon be designated. An early meeting of these officers will be held at Honolulu to work out details of the military machinery the general nature of which was agreed to.

The Council considered the responsibilities devolving upon it in the light of Article VIII of the treaty which authorizes it to maintain a consultative relationship with other states and regional organizations. The Council discussed the ways and means by which it might contribute to the growth of the system of regional security referred to in

this article and reaffirmed on behalf of the three governments the need for collective defense in the Pacific area. possibility of providing arrangements for the association of other govThe Council examined the ernments in its work. Recognizing that the Council is just beginning to evolve its own tripartite organization and program it came to the conclusion that it would be premature at this early stage in its own development to attempt to establish relationships with other states or regional organizations. The Council agreed, however, that in the meantime the members of the Council would continue to keep in close touch through existing channels with other states concerned to preserve peace in the Pacific area.

We reaffirm that our governments are dedicated to the strengthening and furtherance of friendly and peaceful relationships among nations in the Pacific area. the ANZUS treaty is solely the defense of its members against aggresIn so doing we emphasize that the purpose of sion. As is clear from the treaty itself this is fully consistent with the principles of the United Nations Charter and with the obligations of the members under the charter. The ANZUS Council is dedicated to help support and implement the principles and responsibilities of the United Nations. The principle of collective security is the common objective of both and the security system of the United Nations which we are seeking to build will be made stronger by the steps which we have taken here. Furthermore, in our discussion of how best to contribute by constructive measures to the security of the Pacific area we have taken into account the membership of Australia and New Zealand in the British Commonwealth and United States participation in the North Atlantic Treaty organization and its association by treaty with the other American republics and with Japan and the Philippines.

We have taken the opportunity to review situations of mutual concern. We exchanged views on the operations of the United Nations in Korea and the problem of assisting the free nations of Asia to resist Communist imperialism.

We emphasize, however, that we neither reached any decisions nor undertook any commitments regarding matters of direct concern to our friends in the Pacific area or elsewhere.

4. THE ANNUAL REVIEW: Communiqué of the Second Meeting of the ANZUS Council, Washington, September 10, 1953 1

1

The ANZUS Council, established by the Security Treaty between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States, concluded its 2-day meeting in Washington today. The Right Honorable Richard G. Casey, Minister for External Affairs, represented Australia; the Honorable T. Clifton Webb, Minister of External Affairs, represented New Zealand; and the Honorable John Foster Dulles, Secretary of State, represented the United States of America.

1 Department of State Bulletin, Sept. 28, 1953, pp. 414-415.

In addition to the Ministers the delegations included, for Australia: His Excellency the Honorable Sir Percy C. Spender, Ambassador to the United States, and Lt. General Sir Sydney F. Rowell, Chief of the General Staff; for New Zealand: His Excellency Leslie K. Munro, Ambassador to the United States; Alisteir D. McIntosh, Secretary of External Affairs; and Maj. Gen. W. G. Gentry, Chief of the General Staff; and for the United States: The Honorable Livingston T. Merchant, Assistant Secretary for European Affairs; the Honorable Walter S. Robertson, Assistant Secretary for Far Eastern Affairs; the Honorable Carl W. McCardle, Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs; and Admiral Felix Stump, Commander-in-Chief, Pacific and U. S. Pacific Fleet. By invitation of the Council Admiral Arthur W. Radford, Chairman of the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff and formerly U.S. Military Representative accredited to the Council, attended the meeting in a consultative capacity.

At the conclusion of the meeting the Council issued the following

statement:

The Council affords the Foreign Ministers of the three Governments the opportunity to consult together periodically in regard to the implementation of the ANZUS Security Treaty and to discuss various matters of interest and concern to their countries. It is the over-all objective of the ANZUS partners, building on the foundation of the Treaty, to strengthen the relationships between their Governments at both the political and military levels and to seek the most effective means of providing for their common defense.

At this meeting the Ministers again affirmed the defensive nature of the Treaty. They expressed the determination of their Governments that ANZUs shall play its full part in the maintenance of peace and security in the Pacific. They took, however, no decisions and reached no agreements directly affecting the interests of the other nations of the free world, but discussed in considerable detail the general world situation with specific reference to areas under threat from Communist imperialism.

In its deliberations the Council surveyed situations in the Pacific specifically affecting the security of the three countries. It took special note of those areas in which Communist aggression has led to outright hostilities. In particular the Council considered the situation in Korea and in Indo-China. Each Minister expressed the view of his Government that under present circumstances no question of the recognition of Communist China or of the admission of its representatives to the United Nations would be entertained.

The Council examined reports from the Military Representatives, who were appointed at its first meeting last year to advise the Council concerning the military aspects of the implementation of the Treaty. The Military Representatives held their first meeting in September 1952 and concluded another meeting at Pearl Harbor last week. The Council noted with satisfaction the progress made by the Military Representatives in the carrying out of their responsibilities. It found that their reports demonstrated clearly the importance of con