Free from mistrust and fear, and with confidence and goodwill towards each other, nations should practise tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours and develop friendly cooperation on the basis of the following principles:

1. Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.

2. Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all

nations.

3. Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations large and small.

4. Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country.

5. Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.

6. (a) Abstention from the use of arrangements of collective defence to serve the particular interests of any of the big powers. (b) Abstention by any country from exerting pressures on other countries.

7. Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.

8. Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, such as negotiation, conciliation, arbitration or judicial settlement as well as other peaceful means of the parties' own choice, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.

9. Promotion of mutual interests and cooperation. 10. Respect for justice and international obligations.

The Asian-African Conference declared its conviction that friendly cooperation in accordance with these principles would effectively contribute to the maintenance and promotion of international peace and security, while cooperation in the economic, social and cultural fields would help bring about the common prosperity and well-being of all. The Asian-African Conference recommended that the five sponsoring countries consider the convening of the next meeting of the Conference, in consultation with the participating countries.

1

1 i.e., Burma, Ceylon, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan.

Burma

10. PRESENCE OF CHINESE TROOPS IN BURMA: Resolution 815 (IX) of the United Nations General Assembly, October 29, 1954 1

The General Assembly,

Having considered the report 2 dated 27 September 1954 of the Government of the Union of Burma on the situation relating to the presence of foreign forces in its territory,

Having taken note of the report of the Joint Military Committee for the Evacuation of Foreign Forces from Burma the efforts of which were directed to securing the removal of these foreign forces,

1. Notes with satisfaction that nearly 7,000 persons, both foreign forces and their dependants, have been evacuated from Burma and that this constitutes a substantial contribution to the solution of the problem pursuant to the recommendations of the General Assembly; 2. Expresses its appreciation of the efforts of the Governments of the United States of America and of Thailand in helping to bring about this evacuation;

3. Deplores the fact that considerable foreign forces with a significant quantity of arms still remain in the territory of the Union of Burma and have failed to respond to the declarations of the General Assembly that they should either leave the territory of the Union of Burma or submit to internment; *

4

4. Declares once more that these forces should submit to disarmament and internment;

5. Assures the Government of the Union of Burma of its continuing sympathy with and support of the efforts of that Government to bring about a complete solution of this serious problem;

6. Urges all States to take all necessary steps to prevent the furnishing of any assistance which may enable foreign forces to remain in the territory of the Union of Burma or to continue their hostile acts against that country;

7. Invites the Government of the Union of Burma to report on the situation to the General Assembly as appropriate.

U.N. General Assembly, Official Records, Ninth Session, Supplement No. 21 (A/2890), p. 7.

2 Ibid., Annexes, agenda item 63 (A/2739).

3 Ibid. (A/2740).

See General Assembly Resolutions 707 (VII), Apr. 23, 1953, and 717 (VIII), Dec. 8, 1953; ibid., Seventh Session, Supplement No. 20A (A/2361/Add. 1), pp. 4-5, and ibid., Eighth Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/2630), p. 4.

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11. EXCHANGE OF VIEWS: Joint Statement by the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Burma, July 2, 1955 1

The Prime Minister of Burma, His Excellency U Nu, has visited Washington for three days at the invitation of President Eisenhower. The President and the Prime Minister discussed many matters of common concern and exchanged views on current international problems.

The Prime Minister, the President and the Secretary of State reviewed problems of peace and security in Asia. They had a frank discussion of the complex economic problems arising from the existence of substantial surpluses of exportable rice both in Burma-one of the world's leading rice exporting countries-and in the United States.

Note was taken of the salutary influence of religion as exemplified by the Sixth Buddhist Synod presently being held in Rangoon and attended by leading Buddhist scholars from many nations.

The problem of imprisoned American fliers in Communist China was reviewed.2

These talks have been of special value in increasing mutual understanding between Burma and the United States. There is a wide area of agreement and a traditional friendship between Burma and the United States resting firmly upon certain noble concepts to which both countries subscribe. Our two peoples, those of the United States and the Union of Burma, share two fundamental goals, a peaceful world and a democratic way of life.

They reaffirmed their dedication to the ideal of peace and friendly cooperation amongst nations founded on international justice and morality. Both countries are deeply concerned with a subject that is predominant in the minds of all responsible world leaders today-the problem of achieving peace with justice, a peace based upon the liberty of human beings and the security of nations.

Such a peace can best be achieved by loyal steadfast support for the Charter of the United Nations. That is the surest and most practical avenue along which to seek peace with justice in this world. A patient striving to uphold the fundamental moral and religious beliefs underlying the Charter provides the best hope for the fulfillment of mankind's aspirations.

The Prime Minister, the President and the Secretary of State deplored the conditions which force the peoples of the world to divert their energies and talents from a single-minded effort to improve and expand those cultural and economic opportunities by which men can raise the levels of their existence. They renewed their own determination to uphold the principles of the United Nations in its unceasing effort to save mankind from the scourge of future war.

1 Department of State Bulletin, July 18, 1955, pp. 96–97. See infra, pp. 2709-2714.

Republic of the Philippines

12. ECONOMIC SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINES: Summary and Recommendations From the Report of the Bell Mission, October 9, 1950 (Excerpts) 1 1

At the request of the President of the Philippine Republic, President Truman appointed a United States Economic Survey Mission to consider the economic and financial problems of that country and to recommend measures that will enable the Philippines to become and to remain self-supporting. The Mission was instructed to survey all aspects of the Philippine economy, including agriculture, industry, internal and external finances, domestic and foreign trade, and public administration. The Mission was asked to give special consideration to immediate measures to help raise production and living standards in the Philippines. The Mission has had the full cooperation of the Philippine Government and of many individuals and organizations outside the Government. Their help has been invaluable in providing the Mission with the data necessary for its work.

Economic conditions in the Philippines are unsatisfactory. The economic situation has been deteriorating in the past 2 years and the factors that have brought this about cannot be expected to remedy themselves. Unless positive measures are taken to deal with the fundamental causes of these difficulties, it must be expected that the economic situation will deteriorate further and political disorder will inevitably result. Whatever is to be done to improve economic conditions in the Philippines must be done promptly, for if the situation is allowed to drift there is no certainty that moderate remedies will suffice.

The mission recommends that the following measures be taken:

1. That the finances of the Government be placed on a sound basis in order to avoid further inflation; that additional tax revenues be raised immediately in as equitable a manner as possible to meet the expenditures of the Government; that the tax structure be revised to increase the proportion of taxes collected from high incomes and large property holdings; that the tax collecting machinery be overhauled to secure greater efficiency in tax collection; that a credit policy be adopted which will encourage investment in productive enterprises; and that fiscal, credit and investment policy be better coordinated to prevent inflation.

2. That agricultural production be improved by applying known

1 Report to the President of the United States by the Economic Survey Mission to the Philippines (Department of State publication 4010; 1950), pp. 1, 3-4. The members of the Mission were D. W. Bell, Chief of the Mission; Richard J. Marshall, Deputy Chief; Edward M. Bernstein, Chief Economist; August L. Strand, in charge of the agricultural survey; and Francis McQuillin, in charge of the survey of industry and power.

methods of increasing the yield from all basic crops; that the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources be adequately supplied with funds and the agricultural extension service expanded; that the agricultural college at Los Baños be rehabilitated and the central experiment station located there, with other stations at appropriate places throughout the country; that rural banks be established to provide production credit for small farmers; that the opening of new lands for settlement in homesteads be expedited and the clearance of land titles promptly assured; that a program of land redistribution be undertaken through the purchase of large estates for resale to small farmers; and that measures be undertaken to provide tenants with reasonable security on their land and an equitable share of the crops they produce.

3. That steps be taken to diversify the economy of the country by encouraging new industries; that adequate power and transportation facilities be provided as needed for further economic development; that a Philippine Development Corporation be established to coordinate all government corporations and enterprises and liquidate those that are ineffective; that financial assistance be made available to productive enterprises by the Corporation acting in cooperation with private banks; that the natural resources of the country be systematically explored to determine their potentialities for economic development; and that the present laws and practices with respect to the use of the public domain be re-examined.

4. That to avoid a further deterioration in the international payments position and to reduce the excessive demand for imports, a special emergency tax of 25 percent be levied for a period not to exceed two years on imports of all goods other than rice, corn, flour, canned fish, canned milk and fertilizer; that if such an emergency import levy is not possible under the Trade Agreement with the United States,' either very heavy excise taxes should be imposed or a tax of 25 percent should be levied on all sales of exchange; that, as a safety measure, the present exchange and import controls be retained but their administration be simplified and liberalized and the full remittance of current earnings be permitted; that a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation be concluded between the Philippines and the United States and the present Trade Agreement re-examined in the light of the new conditions.

5. That an adequate program of public health and improved education be undertaken, and better facilities for urban housing be provided; that the right of workers to organize free trade unions to protect their economic interests be established through appropriate legislation; that abuses in present employment practices depriving the workers of their just earnings be eliminated by legislation making mandatory direct payment of wages and retroactive monetary awards to workers; that a minimum wage for agricultural and other workers be established to provide subsistence standards of living.

6. That public administration be improved and reorganized so as to insure honesty and efficiency in Government; that the civil service

1 Agreements of July 4 and Oct. 22, 1946 (TIAS 1588; 61 Stat. 2611-2636).