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radar tracks have verified the flying activity at these fields. The defectors also stated that more fields are being built to support the growing strength of the Korean People's Armed Forces Air Force. This is further evidence of your expanding Air Force strength.

3. The two defectors were stationed at Pyongyang in March, 1955 during the period mobile inspection teams 6, 7, and 8 were conducting their investigations. Senior Lieutenant Lee and Junior Lieutenant Lee provided specific information on steps your side took to remove, disguise and conceal incriminating evidence during the mobile inspection team investigations. Among the ruses employed by your side. were the following:

A. Your side flew many combat aircraft away from the inspected airfields.

B. Your side hid combat aircraft in ravines in the hills in the vicinity of the airfields and camouflaged them.

C. Your side dismantled some of the aircraft and concealed them. D. Your side stationed heavy guards about the hiding places and prevented inspection of these areas by the mobile inspection teams. E. Your side arbitrarily reduced the boundaries of the airfields, thereby restricting the scope of the mobile inspection team inspection. F. Your side prepared false testimony by long, detailed coaching of probable witnesses and by substituting politically indoctrinated higher ranking officers for lower ranking officers by switching insignias.

G. Your side delayed the assembly of newly arrived combat aircraft at Taechon by leaving them in their crates until the mobile inspection team investigations were completed. Senior Lieutenant Lee, who reads Russian, noticed the wording "Kiev Aircraft Factory" on tags attached to one of his unit's combat aircraft. This aircraft's log book showed that the plane left the Russian factory in March 1955.

4. The defectors have also stated that since the signing of the Armistice Agreement the illegal build-up of the Korean People's Armed Forces Air Force has been taking place, so that at the present time there are more than 300 combat aircraft, the majority of which are jet fighters of the MIG-15 type. This has also been confirmed by our radar and by the incidents where our aircraft have been attacked over international waters by Korean People's Armed Forces Air Force fighters.

5. The two defectors confirmed the fact that the MIG-15 jet fighters, which attacked United Nations planes over international waters on the 5th of February, 1955, and on the 10th of May, 1955, flew from bases in the territory under the military control of your side, and that these MIG aircraft belonged to your air forces.

LIST OF CHARGES

The information provided our side by your two most recent defectors merely served to confirm existing evidence and provide another link in the long chain the United Nations Command has constructed to irrefutably prove your illegal Air Force build-up.

I have presented to you today the official record of your continuous and numerous violations of paragraph 13 (d), paragraph 17, and other fundamental provisions of the Armistice Agreement, throughout the Armistice period. It stands as monumental evidence to the United Nations Command and the free world of your complete insincerity, dishonesty, and utter lack of integrity. The combat forces, and particularly the air forces, that you have built up illegally and covertly since the signing of the Armistice, constitute a grave situation which threatens seriously the very structure and stability of the Armistice itself.

The United Nations Command, at this time, lodges the strongest and most serious protest made against your side since the signing of the Armistice and charges that, through your willful, deliberate and illegal build-up of your combat forces, you have:

1. Flagrantly violated every basic provision of the Armistice Agreement, including the spirit and intent of that document.

2. Clearly demonstrated your aggressive intent of acquiring a favorable military position over the forces of the United Nations Command.

The United Nations Command demands that:

1. You provide the United Nations Command, without delay, an accurate accounting of all combat materiel and combat aircraft introduced into the territory of your side since the signing of the Armistice.

2. You immediately provide the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission with corrected combat materiel reports which reflect the mass of combat materiel and hundreds of aircraft you have illegally introduced into Korea.

3. You cease immediately the illegal introduction of additional combat materiel and combat aircraft into the territory of your side.

We have listened since last summer to the soothing music of your peaceful propaganda and your expressions for a free and independent united Korea, while at the same time contending with your continued willful and flagrant violations of the Armistice Agreement, your hostile and aggressive actions, and your murderous and inhumane atrocities. The time has come to demand that the powers who are directing your iniquitous activities start trying to reconcile your Dr. Jekyll with your Mr. Hyde.

J. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA RESPECTING POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND MILITARY MATTERS, 1953–1955

111. UNITED STATES POLICY IN KOREA: Letter From the President of the United States to the President of the Republic of Korea, June 6, 1953 1

1

DEAR MR. PRESIDENT:

I received on June 2 the cabled text of your communication dated May 30. I have given it the careful and sympathetic consideration it deserves.

The Republic of Korea has engaged all of its resources, human and material, in a struggle which will go down in history as one of the epic struggles of all time. You have dedicated your all without reservation to the principle that human liberty and national liberty must survive against Communist aggression, which tramples upon human dignity and which replaces national sovereignty with a humiliating satellite status. The principles for which your nation has fought and for which so many of your youth have died are principles which defend free men and free nations everywhere.

The United States has stood with you, and with you we have fought for those principles, as part of the United Nations Command. The blood of your youth and our youth has been poured out on the altar of common sacrifice. Thereby we have demonstrated not only our dedication to the cause of human freedom and political liberty, but also our dedication to an equally important principle which is that there cannot be independence without interdependence, and there cannot be human liberty except as men recognize that they are bound together by ties of common destiny.

The moment has now come when we must decide whether to carry on by warfare a struggle for the unification of Korea or whether to pursue this goal by political and other methods.

The enemy has proposed an armistice which involves a clear abandonment of the fruits of aggression. The armistice would leave the Republic of Korea in undisputed possession of substantially the territory which the Republic administered prior to the aggression, indeed this territory will be somewhat enlarged.

The proposed armistice, true to the principle of political asylum, assures that the thousands of North Koreans and Communist Chinese prisoners in our hands, who have seen liberty and who wish to share it, will have the opportunity to do so and will not be forcibly sent back into Communist areas. The principle of political asylum is one which we could not honorably surrender even though we thereby put an

1 Department of State Bulletin, June 15, 1953, pp. 835–836.

2 Not printed.

earlier end to our own human and material losses. We have suffered together many thousands of casualties in support of this principle.

It is my profound conviction that under these circumstances acceptance of the armistice is required of the United Nations and the Republic of Korea. We would not be justified in prolonging the war with all the misery that it involves in the hope of achieving, by force, the unification of Korea.

The unification of Korea is an end to which the United States is committed, not once but many times, through its World War II declarations and through its acceptance of the principles enunciated in reference to Korea by the United Nations. Korea is unhappily not the only country which remains divided after World War II. We remain determined to play our part in achieving the political union of all countries so divided. But we do not intend to employ war as an instrument to accomplish the world-wide political settlements to which we are dedicated and which we believe to be just. It was indeed a crime that those who attacked from the North invoked violence to unite Korea under their rule. Not only as your official friend but as a personal friend I urge that your country not embark upon a similar

course.

There are three major points I would like to make to you:

1. The United States will not renounce its efforts by all peaceful means to effect the unification of Korea. Also as a member of the United Nations we shall seek to assure that the United Nations continues steadfast in its determination in this respect. In the political conference which will follow an armistice that will be our central objective. The United States intends to consult with your Government both before and during such a conference and expects the full participation of your Government in that conference.

2. You speak of a mutual defense pact. I am prepared promptly after the conclusion and acceptance of an armistice to negotiate with you a mutual defense treaty along the lines of the treaties heretofore made between the United States and the Republic of the Philippines, and the United States and Australia and New Zealand. You may recall that both of these treaties speak of "the development of a more comprehensive system of regional security in the Pacific area." A security pact between the United States and the Republic of Korea would be a further step in that direction. It would cover the territory now or hereafter brought peacefully under the administration of the ROK. Of course you realize that under our constitutional system, any such treaty would be made only with the advice and consent of the Senate. However, the action which the United States has heretofore taken, and the great investment of blood and treasure which has already been made for the independence of Korea are certainly clear indications of American temper and intentions not to tolerate a repetition of unprovoked aggression.

3. The United States Government, subject to requisite Congres

1 For text of the Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of Korea of Oct. 1, 1953, see supra, pp. 897-898.

sional appropriations, will be prepared to continue economic aid to the Republic of Korea which will permit in peace a restoration of its devastated land. Homes must be rebuilt. Industries must be reestablished. Agriculture must be made vigorously productive.

The preamble of the Constitution of the United States states the goals of our people, which I believe are equally the goals of the brave people of Korea, namely "to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty. Manifestly, not all of these conditions now prevail in Korea. Moreover, in existing circumstances they cannot be achieved either by prolongation of the present conflict or by reckless adventure with a new one. Only by peaceful means can these things be achieved.

With the conclusion of an armistice the United States is prepared to join with the Republic of Korea to seek for Korea these ends. We believe that in Korea there should be a more perfect union and, as I say, we shall seek to achieve that union by all peaceful methods. We believe that there should be domestic tranquillity and that can come from the end of fighting. There should be provision for the defense of Korea. That will come from the mutual security treaty which we are prepared to make. The general welfare should be advanced and that will come from your own peacetime efforts and from economic assistance to your war-torn land. Finally, a peaceful settlement will afford the best opportunity to bring to your people the blessings of liberty.

I assure you, Mr. President, that so far as the United States is concerned, it is our desire to go forward in fellowship with the Republic of Korea. Even the thought of a separation at this critical hour would be a tragedy. We must remain united.'

112. SUMMARY OF A REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT'S SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE FOR KOREAN ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, JUNE 15, 1953 (Excerpt) 3

4

Pursuant to a recommendation of the National Security Council, President Eisenhower on April 9, 1953, appointed Henry J. Tasca as special representative of the President for Korean Economic Affairs and requested that he head a mission to investigate ways and means of strengthening the Korean economy. The President directed that the mission's recommendations include the amounts and types of U.S. assistance desirable in support of the Korean economy; proposals as to the manner in which the United States and the United Nations can best be assured that any resources they may contribute are utilized in the

1 For the reply (June 19, 1953) of the President of the Republic of Korea to this letter, see Department of State Bulletin, July 6, 1953, pp. 13–14.

2 Henry J. Tasca.

3 Department of State Bulletin, Sept. 7, 1953, p. 313.

See ibid., Apr. 20, 1953, p. 576.

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