strength of the United States and of the cooperating nations; (2) impede the ability of nations threatening the security of the United States to conduct military operations; and (3) to assist the people of the nations under the domination of foreign aggressors to reestablish their freedom.

It is further declared to be the policy of the United States that no military, economic, or financial assistance shall be supplied to any nation unless it applies an embargo on such shipments to any nation or combination of nations threatening the security of the United States, including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all countries under its domination.

This Act shall be administered in such a way as to bring about the fullest support for any resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nations, supported by the United States, to prevent the shipment of certain commodities to areas under the control of governments engaged in hostilities in defiance of the United Nations.

SEC. 102. Responsibility for giving effect to the purposes of this Act shall be vested in the person occupying the senior position authorized by subsection (e) of section 406 of the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949, as amended,' or in any person who may hereafter be charged with principal responsibility for the administration of the provisions of the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949. Such person is hereinafter referred to as the "Administrator."

SEC. 103. (a) The Administrator is hereby authorized and directed to determine within thirty days after enactment of this Act after full and complete consideration of the views of the Departments of State, Defense, and Commerce; the Economic Cooperation Administration; and any other appropriate agencies, and notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, which items are, for the purpose of this Act, arms, ammunition, and implements of war, atomic energy materials, petroleum, transportation materials of strategic value, and those items of primary strategic significance used in the production of arms, ammunition, and implements of war which should be embargoed to effectuate the purposes of this Act: Provided, That such determinations shall be continuously adjusted to current conditions on the basis of investigation and consultation, and that all nations receiving United States military, economic, or financial assistance shall be kept informed of such determinations.

(b) All military, economic, or financial assistance to any nation shall, upon the recommendation of the Administrator, be terminated forthwith if such nation after sixty days from the date of a determination under section 103 (a) knowingly permits the shipment to any nation or combination of nations threatening the security of the United States, including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all countries under its domination, of any item which he has determined under section 103 (a) after a full and complete investigation

1 A Decade of American Foreign Policy, p. 1362.

to be included in any of the following categories: Arms, ammunition, and implements of war, atomic energy materials, petroleum, transportation materials of strategic value, and items of primary strategic significance used in the production of arms, ammunition, and implements of war: Provided, That the President after receiving the advice of the Administrator and after taking into account the contribution of such country to the mutual security of the free world, the importance of such assistance to the security of the United States, the strategic importance of imports received from countries of the Soviet bloc, and the adequacy of such country's controls over the export to the Soviet bloc of items of strategic importance, may direct the continuance of such assistance to a country which permits shipments of items other than arms, ammunition, implements of war, and atomic energy materials when unusual circumstances indicate that the cessation of aid would clearly be detrimental to the security of the United States: Provided further, That the President shall immediately report any determination made pursuant to the first proviso of this section with reasons therefor to the Appropriations and Armed Services Committees of the Senate and of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, and the President shall at least once each quarter review all determinations made previously and shall report his conclusions to the foregoing committees of the House and Senate, which reports shall contain an analysis of the trade with the Soviet bloc of countries for which determinations have been made.

SEC. 104. Whenever military, economic, or financial assistance has been terminated as provided in this Act, such assistance can be resumed only upon determination by the President that adequate measures have been taken by the nation concerned to assure full compliance with the provisions of this Act.

SEC. 105. For the purposes of this Act the term "assistance" does not include activities carried on for the purpose of facilitating the procurement of materials in which the United States is deficient.

TITLE II-OTHER MATERIALS

SEC. 201. The Congress of the United States further declares it to be the policy of the United States to regulate the export of commodities other than those specified in Title I of this Act to any nation or combination of nations threatening the security of the United States, including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all countries under its domination, in order to strengthen the United States and other cooperating nations of the free world and to oppose and offset by nonmilitary action acts which threaten the security of the United States and the peace of the world.

SEC. 202. The United States shall negotiate with any country receiving military, economic, or financial assistance arrangements for the recipient country to undertake a program for controlling exports

of items not subject to embargo under Title I of this Act, but which in the judgment of the Administrator should be controlled to any nation or combination of nations threatening the security of the United States, including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all countries under its domination.

SEC. 203. All military, economic, and financial assistance shall be terminated when the President determines that the recipient country (1) is not effectively cooperating with the United States pursuant to this title, or (2) is failing to furnish to the United States information sufficient for the President to determine that the recipient country is effectively cooperating with the United States.

TITLE III-GENERAL PROVISIONS

SEC. 301. All other nations (those not receiving United States military, economic, or financial assistance) shall be invited by the President to cooperate jointly in a group or groups or on an individual basis in controlling the export of the commodities referred to in Title I and Title II of this Act to any nation or combination of nations threatening the security of the United States, including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all countries under its domination. SEC. 302. The Administrator with regard to all titles of this Act shall

(a) coordinate those activities of the various United States departments and agencies which are concerned with security controls over exports from other countries;

(b) make a continuing study of the administration of export control measures undertaken by foreign governments in accordance with the provisions of this Act, and shall report to the Congress from time to time but not less than once every six months recommending action where appropriate; and

(c) make available technical advice and assistance on export control procedures to any nation desiring such cooperation.

SEC. 303. The provisions of subsection (a) of section 403, of section 404, and of subsection (c) and (d) of section 406 of the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949 (Public Law 329, Eighty-first Congress), as amended, insofar as they are consistent with this Act, shall be applicable to this Act. Funds made available for the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949, as amended, shall be available for carrying out this Act in such amounts as the President shall direct.

SEC. 304. In every recipient country where local currency is made available for local currency expenses of the United States in connection with assistance furnished by the United States, the local currency administrative and operating expenses incurred in the administration of this Act shall be charged to such local currency funds to the extent available.

SEC. 305. Subsection (d) of section 117 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1948 (Public Law 472, Eightieth Congress),' as amended, and

A Decade of American Foreign Policy, p. 1318.

subsection (a) of section 1302 of the Third Supplemental Appropriation Act, 1951 (Public Law 45, Eighty-second Congress),' are repealed.

F. MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM, 1954-1955

16. MUTUAL SECURITY ACT OF 1954, AS AMENDED BY THE MUTUAL SECURITY ACT OF 1955: Public Law 665 (83d Congress, 2d Session), August 26, 1954; Amended by Public Law 138 (84th Congress, 1st Session), July 8, 1955 (Excerpts) 2

2

AN ACT To promote the security and foreign policy of the United States by furnishing assistance to friendly nations, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as the "Mutual Security Act of 1954".

TITLE I—MUTUAL DEFENSE ASSISTANCE

CHAPTER 1. MILITARY ASSISTANCE

SEC. 101. PURPOSE OF CHAPTER.-The Congress of the United States reaffirms the policy of the United States to achieve international peace and security through the United Nations so that armed force shall not be used except in the common defense. The Congress hereby finds that the efforts of the United States and other nations to promote peace and security require additional measures of support based upon the principle of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid. It is the purpose of this chapter to authorize measures in the common defense, including the furnishing of military assistance to friendly nations and international organizations in order to promote the foreign policy, security, and general welfare of the United States and to facilitate the effective participation of such nations in

1 Act of June 2, 1951; 65 Stat. 63. Section 1302 (a), popularly known as the Kem Amendment, provided that, during the period in which Armed Forces of the U.S. are engaged in hostilities while carrying out any decision of the Security Council of the United Nations, no economic or financial assistance should be furnished under the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948, as amended, to any country permitting_exportation of items of military value to the U.S.S. R. or its satellites, including Communist China and Communist North Korea, unless such exportation should be certified to be in the security interest of the U.S. by the National Security Council.

2 PL 665, 83d Cong. (68 Stat. 832), approved Aug. 26, 1954, as amended by PL 138, 84th Cong. (69 Stat. 283), approved July 8, 1955; Mutual Security Legislation and Related Documents, International Cooperation Administration, Dec. 29, 1955, pp. 1-39. For the sake of brevity, certain footnotes in the ICA print which do not relate specifically to the basic purposes of the acts have been deleted. The footnotes remaining throughout this document are from the ICA print, except as otherwise indicated.

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arrangements for individual and collective self-defense. In furnishing such military assistance, it remains the policy of the United States to continue to exert maximum efforts to achieve universal control of weapons of mass destruction and universal regulation and reduction. of armaments, including armed forces, under adequate safe-guards to protect complying nations against violation and evasion.

The Congress reaffirms its previous expressions favoring the creation by the free peoples of the Far East and the Pacific of a joint organization, consistent with the Charter of the United Nations, to establish a program of self-help and mutual cooperation designed to develop their economic and social well-being, to safeguard basic rights and liberties and to protect their security and independence.

The Congress hereby reiterates its opposition to the seating in the United Nations of the Communist China regime as the representative of China. In the event of the seating of representatives of the Chinese Communist regime in the Security Council or General Assembly of the United Nations, the President is requested to inform the Congress insofar as is compatible with the requirements of national security, of the implications of this action upon the foreign policy of the United States and our foreign relationships, including that created by membership in the United Nations, together with any recommendations which he may have with respect to the matter. SEC. 102. GENERAL AUTHORITY.-Military assistance may be furnished under this chapter on a grant or loan basis and upon such other appropriate terms as may be agreed upon, by the procurement from any source and the transfer to eligible nations and international organizations of equipment, materials, and services or by the provision of any service, including the assignment or detail of members of the Armed Forces and other personnel of the Department of Defense solely to assist in an advisory capacity or to perform other duties of a non-combatant nature, including military training or advice.2

SEC. 103. AUTHORIZATIONS. (a) (1) 3 There is hereby authorized to be appropriated to the President, in addition to appropriations authorized by section 104, not to exceed $1,270,000,000 to carry out the purpose of this chapter; and, in addition, unexpended balances of appropriations for military assistance under each paragraph of the Mutual Security Appropriation Act, 1954 (including the appropriation for mutual special weapons planning), are hereby authorized to be continued available for the purpose of this chapter and to be consoli dated with the appropriation authorized by this subsection, all of which is hereby authorized to be continued available through June 30, 1955.

1 Section 12 of the Mutual Security Act of 1955, 69 Stat. 290, provides: “It is hereby declared to be the continuing sense of the Congress that the Communist regime in China has not demonstrated its willingness to fulfill the obligations contained in the Charter of the United Nations and should not be recognized to represent China in the United Nations."

2 See also the Act of May 19, 1926, as amended, 44 Stat. 565, 10 U.S.C. § 540, 34 U.S.C. § 541a.

Paragraph designation "(1)" was added by sec. 2 (a) of the Mutual Security Act of 1955.