(9) the Mutual Security Act of 1951, as amended; 1 (10) the Mutual Security Act of 1952;

1

(11) the Mutual Security Act of 1953; 2

1

(12) section 12 of the joint resolution of Congress approved November 4, 1939 (54 Stat. 10; 22 U. S. C. 452);

(13) section 4 of the Act of March 3, 1925 (50 Stat. 887; 50 U. S. C. 165); and

(14) section 968 of title 18, United States Code.

(b) References in other Acts to the Acts listed in subsection (a) shall hereafter be considered to be references to the appropriate provisions of this Act.

(c) The repeal of the Acts listed in subsection (a) shall not be deemed to affect amendments contained in such Acts to acts not named in subsection (a).

SEC. 543. SAVING PROVISIONS.

SEC. 544. AMENDMENTS TO OTHER LAWS.-(a) Title X of the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948, as amended (22 U. S. C. 1431), is amended by adding the following new section:

"INFORMATIONAL MEDIA GUARANTIES

"SEC. 1011. The Director of the United States Information Agency may make guaranties, in accordance with the provisions of subsection (b) of section 413 of the Mutual Security Act of 1954, of investments in enterprises producing or distributing informational media consistent with the national interests of the United States against funds heretofore made available by notes issued to the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to section 111 (c) (2) of the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948, as amended, for purposes of guaranties of investments: Provided, however, That the amount of such guaranties in any fiscal year shall be determined by the President but shall not exceed $10,000,000." (b) Section 1 of Public Law 283, Eighty-first Congress is repealed. The Institute of Inter-American Affairs, created pursuant to Public Law 369, Eightieth Congress (22 U. S. Ć. 281), shall have succession until June 30, 1960, and may make contracts for periods not to exceed five years: Provided, That any contract extending beyond June 30, 1960, shall be made subject to termination by the said Institute upon notice: And provided further, That the said Institute shall, on and after July 1, 1954, be subject to the applicable provisions of the Budget and Accounting Act, 1921, as amended (31 U. S. C. 1), in lieu of the provisions of the Government Corporation Control Act, as amended (31 U. S. C. 841).

SEC. 545. DEFINITIONS.-For the purposes of this Act

(a) The term "commodity" includes any commodity, material, article, supply, or goods.

(b) The term "surplus agricultural commodity" means any agricultural commodity or product thereof, class, kind, type, or other

122 U. S. C. § 1651 note.

2 22 U. S. C. § 1675i note. 415900-57-vol. 2-94

specification thereof, produced in the United States either publicly or privately owned, which is in excess of domestic requirements, adequate carryover, and anticipated exports for dollars, as determined by the Secretary of Agriculture.

(c) The terms "equipment" and "materials" shall mean any arms, ammunition, or implements of war, or any other type of material, article, raw material, facility, tool, machine, supply or item that would further the purpose of chapter 1 of title I, or any component or part thereof, used or required for use in connection therewith, or required in or for the manufacture, production, processing, storage, transportation, repair, or rehabilitation of any equipment or materials, but shall not include merchant vessels.1

(d) The term "mobilization reserve," as used with respect to any equipment or materials, means the quantity of such equipment or materials determined by the Secretary of Defense under regulations prescribed by the President to be required to support mobilization of the Armed Forces of the United States in the event of war or national emergency until such time as adequate additional quantities of such equipment or materials can be procured.

(e) The term "excess" as used with respect to any equipment or materials, means the quantity of such equipment or materials owned by the United States which is in excess of the mobilization reserve of such equipment or materials.

(f) The term "services" shall include any service, repair, training of personnel, or technical or other assistance or information necessary to effectuate the purposes of this Act.

(g) The term "Armed Forces of the United States" shall include any component of the Army of the United States, of the United States Navy, of the United States Marine Corps, of the Air Force of the United States, of the United States Coast Guard, and the Reserve components thereof.

(h) The term "value" means

(1) with respect to any excess equipment or materials furnished under chapter 1 of title I the gross cost of repairing, rehabilitating, or modifying such equipment or materials prior to being so furnished;

(2) with respect to any nonexcess equipment of materials furnished under chapter 1 of title I which are taken from the mobilization reserve (other than equipment or materials referred to in paragraph (3) of this subsection), the actual or the projected (computed as accurately as practicable) cost of procuring for the mobilization reserve an equal quantity of such equipment or materials or an equivalent quantity of equipment or materials of the same general type but deemed to be more desirable for inclusion in the mobilization reserve than the equipment or materials furnished;

(3) with respect to any nonexcess equipment or materials

1 For limitations on the transfer of naval vessels, see the Act of March 10, 1951, 65 Stat. 4, 34 U. S. C. 493-a-1; for text of act of Aug. 5, 1953, authorizing transfer of certain vessels, see 67 Stat. 363 as amended by 69 Stat. 373.

furnished under chapter 1 of title I which are taken from the mobilization reserve but with respect to which the Secretary of Defense has certified that it is not necessary fully to replace such equipment or materials in the mobilization reserve, the gross cost to the United States of such equipment and materials or its replacement cost, whichever the Secretary of Defense may specify; and

(4) with respect to any equipment or materials furnished under chapter 1 of title I which are procured for the purpose of being so furnished, the gross cost to the United States of such equipment and materials.

In determining the gross cost incurred by any agency in repairing, rehabilitating, or modifying any excess equipment furnished under chapter 1 of title I, all parts, accessories, or other materials used in the course of repair, rehabilitation, or modification shall be priced in accordance with the current standard pricing policies of such agency. For the purpose of this subsection, the gross cost of any equipment or materials taken from the mobilization reserve means either the actual gross cost to the United States of that particular equipment or materials or the estimated gross cost to the United States of that particular equipment or materials obtained by multiplying the number of units of such particular equipment or materials by the average gross cost of each unit of that equipment and materials owned by the furnishing

agency.

(i) The term "United States Government agency" means any department, agency, board, wholly or partly owned corporation, or instrumentality, commission, or establishment of the United States Government.

SEC. 546. CONSTRUCTION.-(a) If any provisions of this Act or the application of any provision to any circumstances or persons shall be held invalid, the validity of the remainder of the Act and applicability of such provision to other circumstances or persons shall not be affected thereby.

(b) Nothing in this Act shall alter, amend, revoke, repeal, or otherwise affect the provisions of the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, as amended (42 U. S. C. 1801).

(c) Nothing in this Act is intended nor shall it be construed as an expressed or implied commitment to provide any specific assistance, whether of funds, commodities, or services, to any nation or nations, or to any international organization.

SEC. 547. REDUCTION OF AUTHORIZATIONS.-Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Act, such provisions shall not be construed to authorize the appropriation for the fiscal year 1955, for the purposes of titles I, II, and IV of this Act, of amounts (exclusive of unexpended balances of prior appropriations authorized to be continued available under such provisions) aggregating in excess of $2,918,040,000.

SEC. 548. UNEXPENDED BALANCES.-Unexpended balances of funds heretofore made available under authority of this Act are hereby authorized to be continued available for the general purposes for which appropriated, and may be consolidated with appropriations made available beginning in fiscal year 1956 for the same general

purposes under the authority of this Act: Provided, however, That unexpended balances in excess of $200,000,000 not obligated by June 30, 1955, in accordance with the provisions of section 1311 of the Supplemental Appropriation Act, 1955 (Public Law 663, Eighty-third Congress), or reserved in accordance with the provisions of section 110 of the Mutual Security Appropriation Act, 1955 (Public Law 778, Eighty-third Congress), are not authorized to be continued available after such date.

1

SEC. 549. (a) STATEMENT OF CONGRESSIONAL POLICY.-It is the sense of the Congress that inasmuch as

(1) the United States, through mutual security programs, has made substantial contributions to the economic recovery and rehabilitation of the nations of western Europe;

(2) due in part to those programs, it has been possible for such nations to achieve complete economic recovery and to regain their military strength; and

(3) certain other friendly nations of the world remain in need of assistance in order that they may defend themselves against aggression and contribute to the security of the free world, those nations that have been assisted in their recovery should, in the future, share with the United States to a greater extent the financial burden of providing aid to those countries which are still in need of assistance of the type provided under this Act.

(b) It is the sense of the Congress that assistance under this Act shall be administered so as to assist other peoples in their efforts to achieve self-government or independence under circumstances which will enable them to assume an equal station among the free nations of the world and to fulfill their responsibilities for self-government or independence.

17. DEVELOPMENT

OF THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM: Release of the Foreign Operations Administration, 1954 (Excerpt) 2

It is important to the people of the United States that the lessdeveloped areas share in the technical advances that will help them become strong partners in the free world. Our strength and wellbeing are dependent in good measure on theirs.

By helping these areas raise the standards of living of their peoples, we can move forward in an expanding world economy.

1 22 U.S.C. §1819 (Appropriations for Military Assistance).

2 Technical Cooperation Programs Around the World, Foreign Operations Administration, 1954, pp. 2-10. For further documentation on the subject of technical assistance, see Development of Technical Assistance Programs: Background Infor mation and Documents, 83d Cong., 2d sess., Committee on Foreign Relations Print, Nov. 22, 1954; Technical Assistance and Related Problems, S. Rept. No. 1956, 84th Cong., 2d sess., May 7, 1956; Partners in Progress: A Report to the President by the International Development Advisory Board (Rockefeller Report), Mar. 7, 1951 (GPO, 1951).

As of September 1, 1954, the United States was working directly with 59 countries, upon their request, to help build the technical knowledge and skills of their peoples. Of these, 39 were independent nations, 19 were dependent overseas territories in Africa and the Caribbean area, and one was a United Nations Trusteeship. The joint technical programs are designed to help other peoples develop ways to help themselves, to strengthen their economies, to make them more effective trading partners, and to contribute to the collective security of the free world.

These 59 countries, representing more than 900 million people, have asked the United States to share with them the technical knowledge and skills that have played so great a part in our own development. All of these countries want to better themselves and the lives of their peoples. They want their farmers to learn how to grow more food; they want to overcome the ravages of disease; they want greater opportunity for their children.

Many of these nations have gained their independence since World War II, and, strongly nationalistic, are anxious to maintain their independence and freedom. Their political leaders have promised to improve the lot of the people, and want to make that promise good. Failure to do so can breed unrest and strife, and adversely affect the interests of the U.S.

By helping to strengthen the economies, security, and independence of other free peoples, the United States enhances its own future. It helps build the mutual security of the free world.

In the sharing of scientific findings and modern techniques, there is a two-way flow of benefits. The United States gains as well as the other countries. Mutual ties contribute both to peace and to progress. As the strength of these countries grows, they become better customers for the goods of the United States. To note one instance, Peru in the last decade has made marked advances in its agriculture. One outgrowth has been more buying of farm machinery from the U.S. In 1942 there were fewer than 500 tractors in the country; now there are more than 4,500. In 1943 Peruvian purchases of U.S. farm machinery were $453,000; in 1953 they reached $5.6 million.

World trade is vital to the free nations. The United States gets strategic and other necessary materials from Latin America, the Far East, and other areas. These areas in turn benefit from the sales of their goods to us.

President Eisenhower last June advised the Congress that "our country's participation in technical cooperation programs must be vigorously advanced." He described the programs as "our most effective counter-measure to Soviet propaganda and the best method by which to create the political and social stability essential to lasting peace."

Again in August the President advised them that "technical cooperation has proved itself as a practical and productive concept and as the surest and most economical way, over the long term, to speed the advance toward an expanding world economy and a higher general standard of living."