classified as our T-bomb, if you want to call it that, in this warfare... It is a terrific responsibility to decide how much to do, where it would be better to divert a dollar into a tank, and where it is better to put a dollar into this information effort. But I am quite certain of one thing: that you could find no soldier, no man of experience in the business of fighting, who would decry for one second the importance of morale, and if you do not have morale you know you cannot win. There is just not enough to win without morale. I believe that can be done by truth."

7. REORGANIZATION PLAN NO. 8 OF 1953 ESTABLISHING THE UNITED STATES INFORMATION AGENCY, JUNE 1, 1953 1

UNITED STATES INFORMATION AGENCY

Section 1. Establishment of agency.-(a) There is hereby established a new agency which shall be known as the United States Information Agency, hereinafter referred to as the Agency.

(b) There shall be at the head of the Agency a Director of the United States Information Agency, bereinafter referred to as the Director. The Director shall be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and shall receive compensation at the rate of $17,500 a year. The Secretary of State shall advise with the President concerning the appointment and tenure of the Director.

(c) There shall be in the Agency a Deputy Director of the United States Information Agency, who shall be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and who shall receive compensation at the rate of $16,000 a year. The Deputy Director shall perform such functions as the Director shall from time to time designate, and shall act as Director during the absence or disability of the Director or in the event of a vacancy in the office of the Director.

(d) There are hereby established in the Agency so many new offices, not in excess of fifteen existing at any one time, and with such title or titles, as the Director shall from time to time determine. Appointment thereto shall be under the classified civil service and the compensation thereof shall be fixed from time to time pursuant to the classification laws, as now or hereafter amended, except that the compensation may be fixed without regard to the numerical limitations on positions set forth in section 505 of the Classification Act of 1949, as amended (5 U. S. C. 1105).

Sec. 2. Transfer of functions.-(a) Subject to subsection (c) of this section, there are hereby transferred to the Director, (1) the functions vested in the Secretary of State by Title V of the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948, as amended, and

2

167 Stat. 642. The plan entered into force Aug. 1, 1953, after approval by the Congress under the provisions of the Reorganization Act of 1949, as amended. 2 A Decade of American Foreign Policy, pp. 1224-1234.

so much of functions with respect to the interchange of books and periodicals and aid to libraries and community centers under sections 202 and 203 of the said Act as is an integral part of information programs under that Act, together with so much of the functions vested in the Secretary of State by other provisions of the said Act as is incidental to or is necessary for the performance of the functions under Title V and sections 202 and 203 transferred by this section, and (2) functions of the Secretary of State with respect to information programs relating to Germany and Austria.1

(b) Exclusive of so much thereof as is an integral part of economic or technical assistance programs, without regard to any inconsistent provision of Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1953,2 and subject to subsection (c) of this section, functions with respect to foreign information programs vested by the Mutual Security Act of 1951, as amended,3 in the Director for Mutual Security provided for in section 501 of the said Act are hereby transferred to the Director.

(c) (1) The Secretary of State shall direct the policy and control the content of a program, for use abroad, on official United States positions, including interpretations of current events, identified as official positions by an exclusive descriptive label.

(2) The Secretary of State shall continue to provide to the Director on a current basis full guidance concerning the foreign policy of the United States.

(3) Nothing herein shall affect the functions of the Secretary of State with respect to conducting negotiations with other governments. (d) To the extent the President deems it necessary in order to carry out the functions transferred by the foregoing provisions of this section, he may authorize the Director to exercise, in relation to the respective functions so transferred, any authority or part thereof available by law, including appropriation acts, to the Secretary of State, the Director for Mutual Security, or the Director of the Foreign Operations Administration, in respect of the said transferred functions.

Sec. 3. Performance of transferred functions.-(a) The Director may from time to time make such provisions as he shall deem appropriate authorizing the performance of any function of the Director by any other officer, or by any employee or organizational entity, of the Agency.

(b) Representatives of the United States carrying out the functions transferred by section 2 hereof in each foreign country shall be subject to such procedures as the President may prescribe to assure coordination among such representatives in each country under the leadership of the Chief of the United States Diplomatic Mission.

While

1 The President's message to Congress of June 1, 1953, stated: “. divesting the Department of State of the foreign information programs, the reorganization plan does not transfer the responsibility of that Department for the educational exchange programs authorized by the various acts of Congress. Close coordination of our information and educational exchange programs, will, of course, be effected by the Secretary of State and the Director of the United States Information Agency" (Department of State Bulletin, June 15, 1953, p. 851), : 2 Supra, pp. 3090-3093.

3 Supra, pp. 3059-3086.

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Sec. 4. Incidental transfers.-(a) So much of the personnel, property, records, and unexpended balances of appropriations, allocations, and other funds, employed, used, held, available, or to be made available in connection with the functions transferred or vested by this reorganization plan as the Director of the Bureau of the Budget shall determine shall be transferred to the Agency at such time or times as he shall direct.

(b) Such further measures and dispositions as the Director of the Bureau of the Budget shall deem to be necessary in order to effectuate the transfers provided for in subsection (a) of this section shall be carried out in such manner as he shall direct and by such agencies as he shall designate.

Sec. 5. Interim provisions.-Pending the initial appointment under section 1 of this reorganization plan of the Director and Deputy Director, respectively, therein provided for, their functions shall be performed temporarily, but not for a period in excess of 60 days, by such officers of the Department of State or the Mutual Security Agency as the President shall designate.

8. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE OPERATIONS COORDINATING BOARD: Executive Order No. 10483, September 2, 1953 1

By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and statutes, and as President of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows:

SECTION 1. (a) In order to provide for the integrated implementation of national security policies by the several agencies, there is hereby established an Operations Coordinating Board, hereinafter referred to as the Board, which shall report to the National Security Council.

(b) The Board shall have as members the following: (1) the Under Secretary of State, who shall represent the Secretary of State and shall be the chairman of the Board, (2) the Deputy Secretary of Defense, who shall represent the Secretary of Defense, (3) the Director of the Foreign Operations Administration, (4) the Director of Central Intelligence, and (5) a representative of the President to be designated by the President. Each head of agency referred to in items (1) to (4), inclusive, in this section 1 (b) may provide for an alternate member who shall serve as a member of the Board in lieu of the regular member representing the agency concerned when such regular member is for reasons beyond his control unable to attend any meeting of the Board; and any alternate member shall while serving as such have in all respects the same status as a member of the Board as does the regular member in lieu of whom he serves.

(c) The head of any agency (other than any agency represented

118 Fed. Reg. 5379. The Executive order bears the title "Establishing the Operations Coordinating Board." The order was subsequently amended by Ex. Or. No. 10589 of Feb. 28, 1955 (20 Fed. Reg. 1237).

under section 1 (b) hereof) to which the President from time to time assigns responsibilities for the implementation of national security policies, shall assign a representative to serve on the Board when the Board is dealing with subjects bearing directly upon the responsibilities of such head. Each such representative shall be an Under Secretary or corresponding official and when so serving such representative shall have the same status on the Board as the members provided for in the said section 1 (b).

(d) The Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs may attend any meeting of the Board. The Director of the United States Information Agency shall advise the Board at its request.

SEC. 2. The National Security Council having recommended a national security policy and the President having approved it, the Board shall (1) whenever the President shall hereafter so direct, advise with the agencies concerned as to (a) their detailed operational planning responsibilities respecting such policy, (b) the coordination of the interdepartmental aspects of the detailed operation plans developed by the agencies to carry out such policy, (c) the timely and coordinated execution of such policy and plans, and (d) the execution of each security action or project so that it shall make its full contribution to the attainment of national security objectives and to the particular climate of opinion the United States is seeking to achieve in the world, and (2) initiate new proposals for action within the framework of national security policies in response to opportunity and changes in the situation. The Board shall perform such other advisory functions as the President may assign to it and shall from time to time make reports to the National Security Council with respect to the carrying out of this order.

SEC. 3. Consonant with law, each agency represented on the Board shall, as may be necessary for the purpose of effectuating this order, furnish assistance to the Board in accordance with section 214 of the Act of May 3, 1945, 59 Stat. 134 (31 U. S. C. 691). Such assistance may include detailing employees to the Board, one of whom may serve as its Executive Officer, to perform such functions, consistent with the purposes of this order, as the Board may assign to them.

SEC. 4. The Psychological Strategy Board shall be abolished not later than sixty days after the date of this order and its outstanding affairs shall be wound up by the Operations Coordinating Board. SEC. 5. As used herein, the word "agency" may be construed to mean any instrumentality of the executive branch of the Government, including any executive department.

SEC. 6. Nothing in this order shall be construed either to confer upon the Board any function with respect to internal security or to in any manner abrogate or restrict any function vested by law in, or assigned pursuant to law to, any agency or head of agency (including the Office of Defense Mobilization and the Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization).

DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER

1 Established by a Presidential Directive of June 20, 1951; supra, doc. 4.

9. OVERSEAS INFORMATION PROGRAM: Publication of the United States Information Agency, 19551

"It is not enough for us to have sound policies, dedicated to goals of universal peace, freedom and progress. These policies must be made known to and understood by all peoples throughout the world. This is the responsibility of the U.S. Information Agency."-DWIGHT D. EISEN

HOWER.

The President created the U.S. Information Agency on August 1, 1953, as an independent agency responsible for the Government's overseas information program.2

To carry out this responsibility, the Agency maintains 206 overseas information posts in 78 nations of the free world. To the captive millions behind the Iron and Bamboo Curtains, the Agency's powerful radio network, the Voice of America, daily beams objective news reports and commentaries giving the truth about U.S. policies and actions.

Four Major Tasks.-By means of press, publications, radio, television, motion pictures, exhibits, libraries and personal contacts, the U.S. Information Agency performs four major tasks:

(1) Explains U.S. policies and objectives.

(2) Counters hostile propaganda.

(3) Demonstrates the harmony of U.S. policies with the legitimate aspirations of other peoples.

(4) Presents abroad aspects of American life and culture which will promote understanding of U.S. policies and objectives.

The Director of the U.S. Information Agency reports to the President through the National Security Council. Daily foreign policy guidance is provided to the Agency by the Secretary of State.

Country Programs.-Known overseas as the U.S. Information Service (USIS), the Agency's information program in each foreign country is conducted by the Public Affairs Officer (PAO) working directly under the U.S. Ambassador or Chief of Mission. The PAO is assisted by a small professional staff headed by Americans but composed in large part of citizens of the country. Each country program is carefully tailored to the customs and interests of the people.

In Western Europe, parts of the Far East, and eight countries of Latin America, for instance, television plays an important role. In some less developed areas, mobile exhibits and bookmobiles are employed. In areas where the illiteracy rate is high, posters, comic books and cartoons are effective. The Voice of America's broadcasts are delivered in the appropriate languages and dialects of the listening audience. Program content is carefully selected and edited.

The PAO is the focal point for all operations in his area.

1 U.S. Information Agency, The U.S. Overseas Information Program (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1955).

2 See supra, doc. 7.