stand forever as a consistent whole. The question is, what shall make up the sacred world of Shintō ? "The divine origin of the Emperor, the unbroken line of his descent from the immortals, the guardianship that his deified ancestors extend to the realm and its people-these are the essential bases of Japanese patriotism." So writes a modern Japanese interpreter of his native institutions. The point is a most delicate one, yet, in what sense shall these sacred things be preserved in modern Japan? What shall be the basis of patriotism in a world that includes science, democracy, internationalism and modern industrialism? The answer must be given by the Japanese themselves. Certain it is that a movement toward readjustment and reinterpretation has already set in. The great organizing concept in Shinto history is the idea of sacredness. A kami object is, after all, a sacred object; a kami person is a sacred person. The content of the sacred world may change; indeed, as the naive Shinto world-view gives place to the scientific world-view, it must change; but loyalty to sacred things must be eternal. This matter of discovering a basis for loyalty to which modern intelligent men can render sincere allegiance is one of the most urgent problems awaiting the solution of the Japanese people.

I. Cf. Brinkley, Captain F., (ed.), Japan, Described and Illustrated by the Japanese ("Written by eminent Japanese authorities and scholars."), Vol. II,

p. 212.

APPENDIX A.

BIBLIOGRAPHY-WORKS OF REFERENCE IN
EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.

Armstrong, R. C., "Shintō as a National Cult," The Christian Movement in the Japanese Empire (Tokyo, 1918), pp. 262-274.

Asakawa, K., The Early Institutional Life of Japan, Tokyo,

1903.

Aston, Wm. Geo., Nihongi, 2 Vol., Supplement I of T.J.S.L., London, 1896.

Aston, W. G., Shinto, the Way of the Gods, London, 1905. Aston, W. G., Shinto, the Ancient Religion of Japan, Chicago,

1907.

Aston, W. G., “The Japanese gohei and the Ainu inao," Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Brit. and Ire., Vol. XXXI (1901), pp.

131-135.

Aston, W. G., “Sacrifice in Shintō," Man, Vol. XII, (1912), pp. 5-9.

Aston, W. G., " Ancestor Worship in Japan," Man, Vol. VI, (1906), pp. 35 ff.

Aston, W. G., "Are the Norito magical formulae ?," T'oung Pao, Series II, Vol. X, (1909) pp. 559-566.

Aston, W. G., "Tori-Wi-Its Derivation," T.A.S.J., Vol. XXVII, Pt. IV.

Aston, W. G., “Shintō,” T.J.S.L., Vol. VII, (1906-7), Pt. III, pp. 340-349.

Articles by Aston in H.E.R.E.-" Architecture (Shintō),” Vol. I, p. 773; "Art (Shintō)," I, p. 886; "Shintō," Vol. 2, pp. 462-471.

Ayrton, W. E., and Perry, John, "The Magic Mirror of Japan," Proc. London Roy. Soc., Vol. XXVIII, pp, 127-148.

Baty, Thomas, "Shintō,” Hibbert Journal, April, 1921, pp.

414-423.

Bondegger, H., Buchidō die Geheimwissenschaft Japans, Berlin, 1905.

Brauns, David, Japanische Märchen and Sagen, Leipzig, 1885. Brinkley, Captain F., (ed.), Japan, Described and Illustrated

by the Japanese ("Written by eminent Japanese authorities and scholars."), 5 Vols., Boston and Tokyo, 1904. Consult Vol. II for Shintō.

Buckley, Edmund, "The Shintō Pantheon," New World, Dec., 1896.

Buckley, Edmund, Phallicism in Japan, Chicago, 1895.

Buckley, Edmund, "Shintoism, the Ethnic Religion of Japan," Universal Religion ("A Course of Lessons, Historical and Scientific on the Various Faiths of the World," Chicago, 1893), pp. 153-174.

Bureau of Religions, Department of Education, Japanese Government (Pub.), A General View of the Present Religious Situation in Japan, Tokyo, 1920.

Chamberlain, Basil Hall, Kojiki, or Records of Ancient Matters

(Trans. from the Japanese), T.A.S.J., Vol. X, Supplement, 1882. Reprint, 1906. Republished, 1920, by the Japan Times Pub. Co., Tokyo.

Chamberlain, B. H., The Invention of a New Religion, London,

1912.

Chamberlain, B. H., Language, Mythology and Geographical Nomenclature of Japan Viewed in the Light of Ainu Studies, Tokyo, 1887.

Chamberlain, B. H., "Notes on Some Minor Japanese Religious Practices," Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. XXII (1893).

Clement, Ernest W., Constitutional Imperialism, New York,

1916.

Cobbold, G. A., Religion in Japan, London, 1905.

Davis, F. Hadland, Myths and Legends of Japan, London, 1912 (4th ed. 1919).

De Benneville, James, More Japonico, Yokohama, 1908. Dening, Walter, "Mental Characteristics of the Japanese," T.A.S.J., Vol. XIX, Pt. I.

Dickens, F. V., Primitive and Mediaeval Japanese Texts, 2 Vols., Oxford, 1906.

Dickens, F. V., "Seven Gods of Happiness," T.A.S.J., Vol. VIII, Pt. IV.

Dooman, I., "The Beginning of Japanese History, Civilization and Arts," T.A.S.J., Vol. XXV (1897).

Eastlake, F. Warrington, “ Equine Deities," T.A.S.J., Vol. XI, Pt. II (1883), pp. 260-285. Reprinted 1914.

Florenz, Karl, Japanische Mythologie, Nihongi, Zeitalter der Götter, Tokyo, 1901.

Florenz, Karl, "Der Shintoismus," Die Orientalischen Religionen (Die Kultur der Gegenwart, Teil I, Abteiling III, I), Berlin and Leipzig, 1906.

Florenz, Karl, Geschichte der Japanischen Litteratur, Leipzig, 1906.

Florenz, Karl, Ancient Japanese Rituals," T.A.S.J., Vol. XXVII, Pt. I (1899).

Florenz, Karl, Die Historischen Quellen der Shintō-Religion, Göttingen, 1919.

Goodwin, C. W., "Some Japanese Legends," T.A.S.J., Vol. III, Pt. II.

Griffis, Wm., Elliot, The Mikado: Institution and Person,

Princeton, 1915.

Griffis, Wm. Elliot, The Religions of Japan, New York, 190r (4th ed.).

Gulick, Sidney L., The Evolution of the Japanese, Social and Psychic, New York, 1903.

Haas, Hans, Religion der Japaner, Jena, 1914.

Haga, Y., "The Spirit of Japan," T.J.S.L., Vol. XV (1916-17).

Hall, J. Carey, "A Japanese Philosopher on Shinto," Trans. Third International Congress for the History of Religions, Vol. I (Oxford, 1908), pp. 158 ff.

Harada, T., The Faith of Japan, New York, 1907.

Articles by Harada in H.E.R.E.-" God (Japanese)," Vol. 6, pp. 294-5; "Images and Idols (Japanese and Korean)," Vol. 7, pp. 146-8; "Names (Japanese)," Vol. 9, pp. 167-8; "Purification (Japanese)," Vol. 10, pp. 495-6. Hearn, Lafcadio, Kwaidan, Stories and Studies of Strange Things, Leipzig, 1907; Boston, 1914.

Hearn, Lafcadio, Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, 2 Vol., Cambridge, Mass., 1894.

Hearn, Lafcadio, In Ghostly Japan, Boston, 1903.

Hearn, Lafcadio, Japan: An Attempt at Interpretation, New York, 1905.

Hildburgh, W. L., “Some Japanese charms connected with the preparation and consumption of food," Man, Vol. XIII, No. 67.

Hildburgh, W. L., "Japanese Household Magic," T.J.S.L., 1908.

Hildburgh, W. L., “Charms and Amulets (Japanese)," H.E.R.E., Vol. III, pp. 449-451.

Hitchcock, R., " Shintō," Rep. Smith. Inst., 1891.

Honaga, S., Ama-Terasu-Oho-Mi-Kami, Der Ursprung ihrer
Verehrung als Goettliche Urahnin von Japan, Bristol, 1916.
Honaga, S., The National Spirit of Japan, Bristol, 1916.
Horne, C. F., (ed.), Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XIII, Japan,
New York and London, 1917.

Hozumi, N., Ancestor Worship and Japanese Law, Tokyo, 1901 and 1913.

Imperial Precepts to the Soldiers and Sailors and the " Boshin' Imperial Rescript, Eng. Trans. authorized by the Department of Education, Tokyo, 1913.

Itō, H., Commentaries on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, (trans. by M. Itō), Tokyo, 1889.