Nicholas I. alienates France from England by the

Egyptian question-Mehemet Ali and Palmerston's con-

vention against him-Nicholas I. in England-The Pro-

tectorate of the Holy Land; breach between Russia and

France-Proposed partition of Turkey-War of Russia

and Turkey-The Vienna Note-Intervention of France

and England to save Turkey-Treaty of Paris; Russia

foiled-Correspondence between Palmerston and Aberdeen

as to the declaration of war-National feeling of England

secures the former's triumph-French motives in joining in

the war.

VI.

THE BLACK SEA CONFERENCE

French influence destroyed by the Franco-Prussian War—

Russia annuls the Black Sea clauses of the Treaty of Paris

-Condition of Europe prevents their enforcement by the

Powers-London Conference; Russia secures the Black

Sea; England's mistake-Alsace and Lorraine destroy the

balance of power.

Bulgarian atrocities-The Andrassy Note; England de-

stroys its effect--The Berlin Memorandum; England

opposes it-Russia prepares for a Turkish war-Conference

of Constantinople-New Turkish Constitution-Russo-

Turkish War-Treaty of San Stefano-Intervention of the

Powers -The Berlin Congress-Final treaty of peace.

166

174

VIII.

REMARKS ON TREATY OF BERLIN

The position of affairs-The Salisbury-Schouvaloff Memo-

randum and its disastrous effect on the negotiations at

. 197

Berlin-Russia's gain-England and Austria the guardians

of Turkey-Austria's vigorous and straightforward Balkan

policy-Thwarted in Servia but triumphant in Bulgaria→

Relations of Greece to Austria-Solution of the Crete

question-Neutrality of Belgium threatened-Importance

of Constantinople to Russia; the Anglo-Turkish Conven-

tion-England's feeble policy in Asia Minor-The ques-

tion of Egypt-A new route to India by railway from the

Mediterranean to Persian Gulf-England's relation to Con-

stantinople.

PAGE

IX.

CENTRAL ASIA

Rise of British power in India-Rivalry of France—Aims

of Napoleon-Russian influence in Central Asia-Its great

extension after the Crimean War--And after the Berlin

Congress-Possible points of attack on India-Constanti-

nople the real aim of Russia's Asiatic policy-Recent

Russian annexations and railways in Central Asia-Re-

action of Asiatic movements on the Balkan question-

Dangerous condition of Austria--Possible future Russian

advances in Asia-England's true policy the construction

of a speedy route to India by railway from the Mediter-

ranean to the Persian Gulf-Alliance of England, France,

Turkey, Austria, and Italy would effectively thwart

Russian schemes.

229

PART I.

JAPAN AND THE PACIFIC.