a. Has attained 21 years of age at time of application but has not reached his 28th birthday.

b. Has credit for 120 hours at a nationally or regionally accredited college, or is a high school graduate and attains satisfactory scores on the Armed Forces Qualification Test or its equivalent.

c. Has a fluent command of the English language.

d. Is of high moral character and personal qualifications.

e. Is qualified for potential leadership, and possessses the ability to deal with people.

f. Attains favorable comment as the result of a National Agency Check for security clearance.

g. Meets the minimum established physical requirements; and is a citizen of the United States, its territories or possessions, or has declared his intention of becoming a citizen, except that a non-citizen who is serving in the active military service of the Army is eligible for appointment if he—

(1) Is residing or serving within the continental United States.

(2) Has lawfully entered the United States for residence, or was ordered to duty within the United States.

(3) Is not barred from citizenship for having been relieved or discharged from any military service under conditions other than honorable.

1 Jul 1920-27 Mar 1925 28 Mar 1925-27 Mar 1929 28 Mar 1929-5 May 1933 6 May 1933-30 Apr 1937 24 May 1937-30 Apr 1941 31 May 1941-9 Mar 1942

.Maj. Gen. Charles S. Farnsworth ...Maj. Gen. Robert H. Allen .Maj. Gen. Stephen O. Fuqua

.Maj. Gen. Edward Croft .Maj. Gen. George A. Lynch .Maj. Gen. Courtney H. Hodges

Artillery in our Army was a single combat arm until early in the twentieth century; field guns, siege cannon, mortars, and fixed coastal defenses were classified under the same term. It was then separated into two arms, Field Artillery and Coast Artillery, and later recombined. Its history spans the gap between the muzzle-loading field piece firing round shot and the guided missile with atomic warhead.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. American artillery in the Revolutionary War was closely patterned after the British organization, and contained much British equipment. In 1775, after we had taken Fort Ticonderoga, Colonel Henry Knox ordered 55 captured guns hauled overland from the fort to Boston. This feat had a decisive effect on operations around Boston, and perhaps on the outcome of the war. By 1777 the Colonies had 4 artillery regiments in service, of from 8 to 12 companies each. At first the regiments were designated by the names of their colonels, but in August of 1779 they were given numbers, 1st through 4th. By June of 1784,

however, the Army's artillery strength was reduced to one battery, stationed at West Point. From this unit came all of our subsequent artillery.

By 1786 the artillery had been enlarged to a battalion of four companies. In 1792 the Army was reorganized as the Legion of the United States, which consisted of 5,000 men formed into four sublegions, each a complete Army in miniature, having 2 battalions of infantry, 1 battalion of rifles, 1 troop of dragoons, and 1 company of artillery. Although the Legion existed until 1796, Congress in 1794 established a Corps of Artillerists and Engineers organized into 4 battalions of 4 companies each. The four companies of artillery with the Legion were transferred into the new corps. One mission of the corps was the development of an orderly scheme of seacoast fortifications. Provision was made for appointment of cadets in the corps for instruction as officers the forerunner of the United States Military Academy. The Artillery and Engineers became separate corps in 1802.

On 16 March 1802 an Army reduction allowed but one regiment of artillery. The Act of 12 April 1808 authorized a regiment of light artillery (every cannoneer on horseback). Only one company was horsed, and then for less than a year. The regiment continued to function, but on foot.

The artillery strength of the Army was increased to four regiments by the Act of 11 January 1812. The light artillery was mounted on barges in late 1813 for an expedition down the St. Lawrence River. These field pieces played a naval role by exchanging fire with a British shore battery.

Following the War of 1812 other reorganizations occurred. In 1821 the artillery was consolidated into 4 regiments of 9 companies each, one company in each regiment being designated and equipped as light artillery. The light artillery regiment was eliminated. The Ordnance Department was merged with the artillery, to be separated from it again in 1832. The first departure from the use of round shot occurred in 1818, with the purchase of 2,000 unfilled elongated shells. In 1847 the regiments were enlarged to 12 companies each. During the War with Mexico, several artillery companies were formed into an artillery battalion which served as infantry. Only 10 of the 48 companies functioned as artillery during the war. However, the light artillery gained valuable experience in field tactics against horse and foot troops.

In the Civil War another regular artillery regiment, the 5th, was added. In accordance with the general practice, however, the Regular artillery units were not broken up and used as cadres for new units; instead, they were kept intact, and the immense expansion of the artillery arm was accomplished by volunteer units. The standard field pieces for the Union armies were the 12-pounder Napoleon smooth-bore cannon, the Ordnance 3-inch rifle, and 10and 12-pounder Parrotts. Most batteries contained 6 pieces. A total of 7,892 field pieces were issued to the Army during the war, and Union artillery fired around 5,000,000 rounds'. Union volun

teer artillery units at the end of the war totaled 57 regiments, 17 battalions, and 380 companies/batteries.

In the matter of nomenclature, the term "company" was originally used; and, up to 1816, companies were known by the names of their commanding officers. In 1816 a system of designation by letters was instituted. In 1861 the term "battery" was prescribed for the units of the newly-created 5th Artillery Regiment. However, "company" and "battery" were to some extent interchangeable terms at this period. In 1871 The Adjutant General prescribed the designation "battery" for companies of artillery not mounted, and "light battery" for those mounted.

In 1881 the Army adopted a breechloaded piece. The .45 caliber Gatling gun was adopted in the 1870's, and was utilized as an artillery weapon. It was not until 1901 that branches other than artillery were authorized machineguns.

The Act of 8 March 1898 provided for two additional artillery regiments, the 6th and 7th. In the Spanish American War, batteries had six pieces each. In Cuba, artillery-served Gatling guns provided the decisive firepower at the battle of San Juan Hill.

In 1901, in a Congressional reorganization of the Army, a new Corps of Artillery was created in which coast artillery and field artillery were partially separated. There were 30 batteries of field artillery and 120 companies of coast artillery, identified by numbers. The regimental system was abolished. A Chief of Artillery was created. In 1907 there was a complete separation of coast and field artillery into separate branches; the regimental organization was again authorized for the latter, the existing numbered batteries being given lettered designations and distributed among 6 new regiments; and the Chief of Artillery became Chief of Coast Artillery, exercising supervision only over that branch. However, it was not until 1918 that a Chief of Field Artillery was authorized.

Beginning with the early 1900's, the Army's artillery can be most conveniently considered under three heads:

(1) Field Artillery, (2) Coast Artillery, (3) Air Defense Artillery. These represent somewhat different lines of evolution, although the first two have ceased to exist as completely independent arms, and the third never did so exist.

FIELD ARTILLERY. The Field Artillery has two principal missions in combat. First, it supports the other arms by fire, neutralizing or destroying those targets which are most dangerous to them. Second, it gives depth to combat and isolates the battlefield by counterfire, by fire on hostile reserves, by restricting movement in the rear areas, and by disrupting hostile command facilities and other installations. These missions are accomplished by artillery mortars, conventional cannon, free rockets, and guided missiles.

In World War I, each infantry division had a field artillery brigade composed of two 75mm gun regiments, a 155mm howitzer regiment, and a 6-inch trench mortar battery. The batteries, other than mortar, each contained four pieces. Thus the division had 48 light guns, 24 medium howitzers, and 12 trench mortars. The French supplied the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) with 3,834 field pieces and trench mortars. Only 24 of the cannon used in action by the AEF were of American manufacture.

In the interwar period there was extensive experimentation with self-propelled mounts, motorization, and improved fire direction techniques. By 1937, 61 of the Army's 100 batteries were motorized.

On 1 October 1940, nine Regular Army infantry divisions were reorganized as triangular divisions. Field artillery regiments were broken up into separate battalions, the first battalion assuming the name and honors of the regiment. The new infantry division had three 105mm howitzer battalions (36 howitzers) and one 155mm howitzer battalion (12 howitzers). The armored divisions had three self-propelled 105mm howitzer battalions (six gun batteries) (54 howitzers'. Field artillery replacements were trained at Fort Bragg, Fort Sill, and Camp Roberts. In 1942, two light

aircraft were authorized each field artillery battalion. By 31 March 1945, 89 divisions had been activated, requiring 339 light and medium artillery battalions. There were also 326 nondivisional battalions of field artillery, of which 137 were heavy, 113 medium, and 76 light.

In 1947 all light and medium batteries were increased from four to six pieces. The armored division gained a medium battalion (155mm howitzer). A third lettered battery was added to each observation battalion. Platoon sergeants were each redesignated as chief of firing battery. Airborne division artilleries were equipped with 105mm howitzers to replace their 75mm pack howitzers.

On 18 March 1954, the field artillery era of rockets and missiles began with the first troop unit firing of a Corporal guided missile by the 246th Field Artillery Missile Battalion at Fort Bliss. On 22 June 1954, an Honest John rocket was fired at Fort Sill by the 7th Field Artillery Battery. At Frenchman Flats, Nevada, a historic event occurred on 25 May 1953, when the first atomic projectile was fired by a 280mm gun of Battery "A," 867th Field Artillery Battalion. On 15 April 1956, the 217th Field Artillery Missile Battalion (Redstone) was activated at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama.

As the artillery transition from guns to missiles progressed, the Field Artillery Missile Training Command was activated at Fort Sill on 1 July 1957 to train missile specialists. These trooptrained specialists supplement the missile technicians trained by the U. S. Army Artillery and Missile School. The Lacrosse and Sergeant guided missiles will soon join our arsenal of weapons.

During 1957 all infantry and airborne divisions of the Active Army were reorganized under the pentomic concept. The pentomic infantry division (ROCID) has one 105mm howitzer battalion of five firing batteries ("A" through "E") (30 howitzers), plus a composite battalion consisting of two 155mm howitzer batteries ("A" and "B") (12 howitzers), an 8-inch howitzer battery ("C") (4 howitzers), and an Honest John 762

mm rocket battery ("D") (2 launchers). Each of the five infantry battle groups has an organic artillery mortar battery (8 mortars each).

The Artillery accepts with pride its multiple missions, as the primary supporting arm to the Infantry and Armor and the force that controls the airspace above the battlefield.

COAST ARTILLERY. In the pre-airplane era, a strong naval force might inflict severe damage on an enemy's seacoast cities and ports by naval bombardment, or might cover the landing of troops, unless deterred by coast defense installations. Accordingly, from an early period in our history we began to develop fortifications at our major ports, naval yards, and other key coastal locations. By the early twentieth century we had created a system of powerful coast defenses, based on large-caliber barbette and disappearing guns, mortars, minefields, and supplementary installations.

After the Coast Artillery Corps was created as a separate branch, its missions were to provide protection, in conjunction with the Navy and (later) with the Air Force, to elements of the fleet while at, entering, or departing from their bases; to support the combined arms in beach defense, and in field operations while acting as army or theater reserve artillery; and to defeat naval and air attacks against harbor defenses, cities, and other important installations. In World War I, because of its long experience in firing at moving targets, it was assigned the mission of developing the Antiaircraft Service.

With the growth of air power the relative importance of fixed coast defenses based on heavy guns decreased. Due to this, and also to the larger calibers of mobile artillery which came into use by troops in the field, the distinction between "field" and "coast" artillery progressively lost significance. The merger of the two, in 1950, into a single artillery arm, including air defense artillery, was the logical result.

AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY. The date 10 October 1957 marked the fortieth anniversary of our air defense artillery. In that interval its armament evolved from crude field pieces to supersonic and deadly accurate artillery missiles.

Equipped with the best tested air defense weapons in the world, today's missilemen are trained and combat-ready in case of an attack.

The mission of air defense artillery (formerly called "antiaircraft artillery"), stated briefly, is to deny penetration from the air; and to this end, to detect, attack, and destroy. This applies not only to the protection of cities and fixed installations, but to the defense of our ground forces on the battlefield. Moreover, in an era of guided missiles and nuclear explosives, partial destruction or attrition is not enough. All airborne objects, whether or not piloted, must be destroyed as hostile unless they are positively identified as friendly.

During World War I the Antiaircraft Service was equipped with light artillery, machineguns, and searchlights. AAA gun battalions organized for duty at the front had 4 firing batteries of two 75mm guns each, plus a headquarters and service battery. AAA machinegun battalions were motorized, were equipped with Hotchkiss machineguns, and were organized into 4 batteries with 12 guns per battery. Before the armistice, 7 such battalions reached France and 3 saw service at the front.

Interwar developments included improved methods of fire direction, and the introduction of the 90mm gun and the 40mm automatic weapon for use against high-flying and low-flying aircraft respectively. Data computers advanced from the mechanical to the electronic stage of development. When target tracking by radar was added in 1941, fire direction for AAA gun batteries achieved an outstanding level of accuracy.

Air defense artillery units played a vital part in World War II. They participated in the landings on the coast of North Africa and in the invasion of Europe. They helped to secure and protect the otherwise untenable beachheads at Salerno, Anzio, and Omaha Beach, and at a later date the vital Allied supply area at Antwerp. At Remagen they assisted in holding the bridgehead gained by surprise east of the Rhine. Equally important was their role on the other side of the world. They were among the first units to be shipped to the Pacific theater, less than three

months after Pearl Harbor. Antiaircraft defense was essential, and was provided at every base and major airfield and in connection with every major landing. At its war peak, in 1943, air defense artillery included 368 battalions and 77 separate batteries, and had a strength of 431,000.

In the initial stages of combat in Korea all air defense artillery functioned as ground support. Later it was divided into ground support and air defense categories. It performed outstanding services during our advance north and subsequent withdrawal, and in the establishment of the antiaircraft defenses of Korea.

The period since 1950 has seen revolutionary advances in air defense artillery. The present U. S. Army Air Defense Command (USARADCOM) (so designated in 1957; formerly called the "Antiaircraft Command") was established in July 1950. At first its units used the conventional guns of World War II with improved fire direction systems. Later they were issued the

75mm Skysweeper gun, a fully automatic weapon effective against low altitude targets.

The Nike-Ajax surface-to-air missile, whose development had been initiated in 1946, was first fired by a troop unit on 28 October 1953. Nike-Ajax is now being superseded by the much more efficient Nike-Hercules, which will be supplemented by the Hawk missile for use against low-altitude planes or other aerial objects. Nike-Zeus, a third member of the Nike family, is under development.

A career in air defense artillery offers an inspiring challenge to enlisted men and young officers of the Army who possess the necessary high qualifications. Those who are able to meet the challenge reap the reward of deep personal satisfaction gained from the performance of a vital and essential duty.

For details on USARADCOM and continental defense generally, see chapter 3. For full data on present-day Army artillery, small arms, and missiles, see chapter 9.