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28th Inf. Div. 31st Inf. Div. 37th Inf. Div. 40th Inf. Div. 43d Inf. Div. 44th Inf. Div. 45th Inf. Div. 47th Inf. Div.

1 Sep 50-14 Jun 54 16 Jan 51-15 Jun 54 15 Jan 52-30 Jun 54 1 Sep 50-30 Jun 54 1 Sep 50-14 Jun 54 15 Feb 52-10 Oct 54 1 Sep 50- 1 May 54 16 Jan 51-3 Dec 54

In addition a great many nondivisional Guard units served in Korea, in the European Command, in Iceland, or with the Army in Alaska.

More than 45,000 officers and airmen in 486 Federally recognized units of the Air National Guard were also ordered into active Federal service during the Korean War. These units were organized into 22 wings, consisting of 66 squadrons, and other combat support and service organzations. Two of the wings (the 116th and 136th) fought in Korea; 3 of them (the 117th, 123d, and 126th) served on defensive missions in Europe; and 19 had active duty training missions in the United States.

A large amount of Army National Guard equipment was turned back to the Department of the Army by the States during the Korean War. In fiscal year 1951 alone, in addition to the equipment taken into Federal service by the 1.457 Army National Guard units ordered to active duty during that year, the Guard turned over to the Department of the Army 156 M-26 tanks, 592 M-4 medium tanks, 5,595 general and special purpose vehicles, 95 Army aircraft, and other items. Some of this war material was so urgently needed that it was shipped direct from Guard units to the Korean battlefront. In all, the National Guard, including the Air National Guard, supplied the Regular Army and Air Force with about $700,000,000 in equipment and facilities during the Korean War. This was done without impairing the training of those National Guard units not in Federal service.

In 1954 and 1955 the Army National Guard converted 4 of its 25 infantry divisions to armored divisions, bringing the total number of the latter to 6.

In March 1954 the Army National Guard, in the first peacetime Federal mission assigned to it, began active participation in the antiaircraft defense of the continental United States (USARADCOM). For three and a half years, while Active Army units con

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verted to the Nike missile, Army Guard units filled a vital role by taking over and operating designated on-site gun positions in certain defended areas, as part of the air defense structure. In October 1957 the Secretary of the Army announced that Army National Guard antiaircraft units guarding cities across the nation would be converted to Nike as soon as the necessary conversion training could be accomplished. They will thereby become the first units of the reserve forces of the United States to be equipped with modern surfaceto-air guided missiles.

In August 1954 the Air National Guard began active participation in the Air Defense Augmentation Plan of the Air Defense Command. Under this program, which is primarily designed to extend the coverage and strengthen the air defense system of the United States, Air National Guard units located at strategic air bases maintain jet fighter aircraft, with combat-ready aircrews and supporting personnel, on five-minute runway alert status during daylight hours every day in the year. By 30 June 1957, 20 fighter-interceptor squadrons were participating in the program, thus insuring the readiness and increasing the combat potential of the Air National Guard. In November 1957, in a move paralleling the conversion of Army National Guard units to the Nike missile, the Air National Guard entered the missile era with the re-equipment of its 123d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, Oregon National Guard, with aircraft equipped to carry the Falcon, an airto-air radar-guided missile.

THE ARMY NATIONAL GUARD TODAY. It has a dual status and dual missions.

1. As the Army National Guard of the United States, to provide units of the reserve components of the Army, adequately organized, trained, and equipped, available for mobilization in the event of national emergency or war, in accordance with deployment schedules, and capable of participating in

combat operations in support of the Army's war plans.

2. As the National Guard of the several States, respectively, to provide sufficient organizations in each State, so trained and equipped as to enable them to function efficiently at existing strength in the protection of life and property and the preservation of peace, order, and public safety, under competent orders of the State authorities.

On 1 January 1958 the Federally recognized strength of the Army National Guard was 404,095 in 5,437 units of company or detachment size. (That of the Air National Guard was 69,029 in 565 units.) There were Army and Air National Guard units in approximately 2,600 communities throughout continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico.

On 31 March 1958 the Secretary of the Army announced that the Army National Guard, together with the Army Reserve, would undergo a planned reorganization and modernization to conform with rapidly changing conditions of modern warfare and new weapons systems. The reorganization, to be accomplished over a two and onehalf year period so as to insure uninterrupted mobilization readiness, will inIclude the conversion of divisions to the pentomic organization of the Active Army. It is proposed that the Army National Guard include 21 combat divisions and 6 combat support divisional headquarters.

THE NATIONAL GUARD BUREAU. Prior to 1908, matters pertaining to the Organized Militia were handled in the War Department by the Assistant Secretary of War, the Chief of Staff, The Adjutant General of the Army, and the chiefs of other offices. On 12 February 1908 a Division of Militia Affairs was created in the office of the Secretary of War. In 1910 it was transferred

to the Office of the Chief of Staff. The act of 3 June 1916 created the Militia Bureau of the War Department, and for the first time gave the President authority to assign National Guard officers thereto, with the Chief of the Bureau an ex-officio member of the General Staff Corps. The act of 15 June 1933 redesignated the Militia Bureau as the National Guard Bureau.

The National Guard Bureau today is a special staff section of the Department of the Army and an agency of the Department of the Air Force. It is staffed by civil service employees and military personnel of the Active Army and Active Air Force, including officers of the Army National Guard and Air National Guard ordered to active duty under the provisions of Title 10, United States Code 3496 and Title 10, United States Code 8496. Its mission is to participate in the formulation and administration of a program for the development and maintenance of Army and Air National Guard units in the several States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. It is the channel of communication between the Departments of the Army and Air Force and the several States on National Guard matters.

The National Guard Bureau is organized into an Office of the Chief, an Army Division, and an Air Force Division. The Office of the Chief includes a deputy chief, an executive, a legal advisor, a policy and liaison office, an information office and an administrative office. The Chief of the Bureau is appointed by the President, with the consent of the Senate, from lists of National Guard officers recommended by their respective State Governors, for a term of four years, and is eligible to succeed himself. Upon accepting office he is appointed a major general, a rank he holds during his tenure.

The following have served as Chiefs of the Division of Militia Affairs (1908-16), the Militia Bureau (1916-1933), and the National Guard Bureau (1933 to date)—

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1929-1929 1929-1931 1931-1935

1935 1936

1936-1936

1936-1940

1940-1944

1944-1946

1946-1947

1947-1950

1950-1951

1951-1953

1953-1953

.Col. Ernest R. Redmond (Acting)
. Maj. Gen. William G. Everson
Maj. Gen. George E. Leach
Col. Herold J. Weiler (Acting)
.Col. John F. Williams (Acting)
.Maj. Gen. Albert H. Blanding
.Maj. Gen. John F. Williams
.Maj. Gen. John F. Williams (Acting)
.Maj. Gen. Butler B. Miltonberger
.Maj. Gen. Kenneth F. Cramer

.Maj. Gen. Raymond H. Fleming (Acting)
.Maj. Gen. Raymond H. Fleming
..Maj. Gen. Earl T. Ricks
.Maj. Gen. Edgar C. Erickson

1953Maj. Gen. Donald W. McGowan is Chief of the Army Division of the Bureau. Maj. Gen. Winston P. Wilson is Chief of the Air Force Division.

STATE SUPERVISORY ORGANIZATIONS. The agencies which supervise the National Guard within the States, and in Alaska, etc., are the National Guard State Headquarters and Headquarters Detachments. Their task is to assist the State authorities in the administration, logistics, training, and operation of the State's military forces, and to train, for use during a national emergency, a nucleus of National Guard officers for duties in connection with selective service, internal security, and civil defense. State Headquarters and Headquarters Detachments are organized in accordance with a specific table of organization, and like other National Guard units are Federally recognized.

Normally the ranking officer of the National Guard in a State is the State Adjutant General, who is also the military advisor to the Governor. The ap

pointment and tenure of office are under the control of the State. In most States he is appointed by the Governor; in the Territories, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, by the President. South Carolina is the only State in 'which the Adjutant General is an elected official.

An officer appointed as the Adjutant General of a State may be Federally recognized by the Department of the Army or the Department of the Air Force, and, if authorized by the State's code, may be extended Federal recognition in a grade not exceeding major general for his tenure of office. In such a case, although he is paid from State appropriations, he may draw certain extra pay from the Federal Government. Such Federal recognition, however, is not a requirement for State Adjutants General.

A list of the State Adjutants General incumbent on 1 April 1958 follows

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Address

State Capitol, Lincoln
406 E. 2d St., Carson City
State House, Concord
Armory Drive, Trenton 10
P. O. Box 1018, Santa Fe
112 State St., Albany 7
P. O. Box 791, Raleigh

Fraine Barracks, Bismarck

Bldg. 101, Fort Hayes, Columbus 16 2205 No. Central St., Oklahoma City 5 412 State Office Bldg., Salem Annville, R. D. No. 2

Box 3786, San Juan 18

1051 N. Main St., Providence 4

105 Wade Hampton State Off. Bldg., Columbia 10

Camp Rapid, Rapid City

State Capitol, Nashville 3

P. O. Box 5218, West Austin Station,
Austin 31

1543 Sunnyside Ave., Salt Lake City
Bldg. No. 1, Camp Johnson, Winooski
103 State Office Bldg., Richmond 19
Camp Murray, Fort Lewis

Room 310, State Capitol, Charleston 5
3020 Wright St., Truax Field
600 East 25th St., Cheyenne

asterisks (**): not Federally recognized; no

Strength. The following table gives the strength of the National Guard or Army National Guard, from 1903 to 1957

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a Strength figures for years 1903 through 1916 reflect strength of Organized Militia and National Guard (Organized Militia converted to National Guard by act of 3 June 1916), as determined by annual inspections under Section 14 of Militia Act of 21 January 1903; the strength for 1915 and 1916 being less the strength of organizations not recognized by the War Department.

Although these figures are derived from Annual Reports (Military Secretary of the Army. Adjutant General of the Army, Chief of Division of Militia Affairs, and Chief of the Militia Bureau) for the years cited, the figures for years 1903-1908 inclusive do not agree with other strength figures in the same reports compiled from different sources. For years 1909-1916 inclusive there is no discrepancy. For uniformity and consistency, strength figures resulting from annual inspections for years 1903 through 1916 were used. These figures, however, do not represent fiscal year end strengths; the year 1919 marks the first practical use of such strengths.

b On 9 May 1916 and 18 June 1916, the greater portion of the Organized Militia and National Guard (conversion of Organized Militia into National Guard had not been completely accomplished on 18 June 1916) were called into the service of the United States. The strength of these troops, however, is apparently retained in the overall strength report for fiscal year 1916.

e Complete strength figures for fiscal year 1917 are not given in Annual Report for that year.

d No Annual Report was published for fiscal year 1918. On 5 August 1917, 382,000 National Guardsmen were drafted into Federal service.

e Figures for fiscal years 1919 through 1941 are derived from Annual Reports for those years.

1 Figures represent strength of National Guard units not yet inducted into Federal service on 30 June 1941. First postwar National Guard units were Federally recognized on 30 June 1946.

h Figures for 30 June 1949 through 30 June 1957 represent total strength of Federally recognized units, including some officers whose Federal recognition was still pending. Figures for 30 June 1947 and 30 June 1948 are for the Federally recognized strength of individuals in Federally recognized units.

THE ARMY RESERVE

ORIGIN OF THE RESERVE CONCEPT. The value of a citizenry trained in the use of arms, and effectively organized, was recognized as a need in early Colonial America. The frontier situation in which the settlers lived called for constant vigilance against hostile Indians. Our first citizen soldiers were the settlers themselves, ready at a moment's notice to take up arms and band together against any enemy who threatened their homes or communities. The tradition remained along the eastern seaboard after the frontier had moved to the west and north.

Washington was a foremost advocate of a strong Reserve, as an essential supplement to a Regular Army. In a letter to a Congressional Committee in 1783, he wrote:

"It may be laid down as a primary position and the basis of our system, that every citizen who enjoys the protection of a free Government owes not only a proportion of his property but even his personal services to the defense of it, and consequently that the citizens of America (with a few legal and official execptions) from 15 to 60 years of age should be borne on the militia rolls, provided with uniform arms, and so far accustomed to the use of them that the total strength of the country might be called forth at short notice."

Unfortunately the country was slow to understand the real meaning behind Washington's words. The day when a fairly effective "militia" could be created merely by assembling a group of neighbors with their muskets, powder-horns, and elected leader ended with the disappearance of the frontier and its traditions, and with the increasing complexities of military service. The time soon arrived when, to produce an effective Reserve or second line of defense, there was needed a carefully thought-out system of organization, mobilization, equipment, supply and training, comparable to though less elaborate and expensive than-that needed for the Regular Army. But it took generations to attain this. The Militia Act of 1792 perpetuated in its

weakest form the militia system inherited from Colonial days. For 111 years thereafter (until 1903) we were dependent for reserves upon the largely unorganized and untrained forces brought into nominal being under its provisions. The National Guard, State controlled, but organized and trained under Federal supervision, and subject to the President's call to active service, was established by the Act of 1903; and this, together with the Act of 1905, formed the first step toward correcting the weaknesses of the Militia Act and giving the nation efficient forces to supplement the Regular Army. Yet even some years after that it was possible for an American politician of national prominence, once Secretary of State and thrice a Presidential candidate, to decry elaborate military training on the ground that, if the country were attacked, "a million men would spring to arms." What arms they would spring to, and what they would do with them after springing, Mr. Bryan did not explain.

By the Act of 23 April 1908, which was enacted to put the Medical Corps on a firm footing and to increase its personnel, Congress established a Medical Reserve Corps in which young graduates of medical schools were to be appointed first lieutenants. They were liable to active service at the call of the President.

The Army Reserve-later designated the Regular Army Reserve-was established by the Act of 24 August 1912. It consisted of two classes of reservists: those enlisted men of the Regular Army furloughed to the reserve after four years of active duty (or three years at the discretion of the Secretary of War), and those men honorably discharged who voluntarily enlisted in the reserve.

BACKGROUND TO THE RESERVE OFFICER TRAINING CORPS (ROTC) CONCEPT. The ROTC idea was born

An Act of Congress of 1866 defined the Army as consisting of 45 regiments of infantry, 10 regiments of cavalry and 5 regiments of artillery. Four of the infantry regiments, composed of men wounded in service, were designated "The Veterans' Reserve Corps" and were to be used only for garrison duty. This was the first Federal component of the Army which carried the name "Reserve." Obviously, however, it was not a "Reserve" as the term is used today.

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