Flame thrower materiel, including both portable and mechanized flame-throwers, as well as main armament tank throwers.

Bombs and clusters, incendiary, smoke, and toxic types.

TRAINING. The Corps is charged with the training of its own personnel and of other troop units in the field use and maintenance of CBR materiel. It operates a modern school system under the Chemical Corps Training Command at Fort McClellan, Alabama. Students are trained to cope with possible enemy CBR warfare, and thus form a nucleus of specialists. The Corps also supports CBR training throughout the Army, and provides instructional material, staff advisors, and assistants. Its techniques of instruction are used by the other Armed

en

gineering, the physical and biological sciences, and business administration. However, they are neither a prerequisite to, nor a guarantee for, assignment. Other branches of the Army use similar skills and abilities; and the Chemical Corps uses some personnel with different backgrounds.

Enlisted personnel are assigned according to need. Those with a good background in engineering, scientific, and other professional fields may be designated as Enlisted Scientific and Professional Personnel (ESPP), and given highly skilled tasks. The Corps uses many such men.

The Corps of Engineers is a unique Army organization, in that its functions are both civil and military. On the military side, its primary mission is to increase the combat power of our forces, and to facilitate their movements and impede the movements of the enemy, by means of construction or destruction. It also has important supply functions. On the civil side, it carries out the responsibilities of the Department of the Army in the fields of navigable waterway improvement, flood control work, and associated activities.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. On 16 June 1775, the Continental Congress

resolved that there should be "a chief Engineer for the Army in a separate department and two assistants under him. . ." On 11 March 1779, Congress resolved that "the Engineers in the service of the United States shall be formed into a Corps and styled the Corps of Engineers." In 1783 the Corps was mustered out of service, but on 9 May 1794 Congress authorized a Corps of Artillerists and Engineers as part of the existing Corps of Artillery. The original title was permanently restored on 16 March 1802, when the President was authorized to organize and establish a Corps of Engineers. It was specified

"that... the said Corps . . . shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York and shall constitute a Military Academy."

A Corps of Topographical Engineers was authorized on 5 July 1838. This specialized agency, which had its foundations during the Revolutionary War under Gen. Robert Erskine, "Geographer of the Army," was merged with the Corps of Engineers on 3 March 1863.

The first enlisted men of the present Corps were authorized by the Act of 28 February 1803. Until the Mexican War, however, the Corps consisted for the most part of commissioned officers. Company A, Engineers, was organized in 1846; and the record of this unit is treasured today by Company A, 1st Engineer Battalion, of the 1st Infantry Division.

In 1861, with the Civil War impending, three additional engineer companies were authorized and established. At this time the Corps consisted of 105 officers and 750 enlisted men. Before the close of the Spanish-American War, Congress authorized the expansion of the original battalion of engineers into three battalions. In 1916 each of the battalions was increased to a regiment. Between 1916 and 1918 the Corps was expanded from 256 officers and 2,000 enlisted men to 11,175 officers and 285,000 enlisted men. After World War I it was greatly reduced, to be again expanded to an unprecedented extent in World War II. At its peak in that war it had over 700,000 officers and men.

THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS TODAY. The Corps is decentralized, both in functions and in authorities. It consists of the Office of the Chief of Engineers; various engineer divisions and districts; various engineer depots and engineer sections of general depots; the Engineer Center; the Army Map Service; a number of boards and commissions; the Supervisor of New York Harbor; and certain agencies and installations responsible to the Chief of Engineers.

THEATERS OF OPERATIONS. The Corps serves all arms and branches of the Army, and, for many purposes, such as the construction, concealment, maintenance, and defense of military air

dromes and facilities, acts as agent for the Air Force. Engineer officers on the staffs of theater commanders are responsible for military mining, demolitions, and protective measures against enemy mines. They survey areas of operations and distribute military maps; store and issue material for construction work, and for the organization of defense systems; provide water and utilities; construct and maintain railroads, roads, and bridges; and construct and maintain Air Force installations.

ZONE OF THE INTERIOR. The Corps designs and constructs buildings and utilities for the Army and Air Force; provides criteria for structure maintenance and operation of utilities; acquires lands, easements, rights-of-way, and other interest in land needed for military and civil purposes, and disposes by sale, transfer, or other means of real estate surplus to Army needs; prepares and produces military maps; executes navigation and flood control projects as required by law or ordered by the President; develops camouflage materials and techniques; accomplishes dispersion and blackout at military installations; provides for the procurement, storage, and issue of engineer equipment; directs engineer research and development activities, including the Army's nuclear power reactor program; and renders to other Federal agencies such engineering services as may be directed or agreed upon.

CIVIL FUNCTIONS. The purely civil functions of the Corps are discussed in detail in chapter 12.

SUPPLY. The military supply responsibilities of the Corps of Engineers cover a wide variety of equipment and materials needed for the construction, repair, and maintenance of fortifications, camps, cantonments, warehouses, hospitals, and miscellaneous structures of every category; of roads and trails; of airfields, of port facilities, railways, cableways, and tramways (construction and major repair only); and of utilities of all sorts. They also cover equipment and materials used in surveying, mapping, demolitions, camouflage, fire protection, insect and rodent control, traffic control, and various other activities.

3 See also chapter 10.

The bulk of the foregoing are used or consumed by engineer units and agencies; but the Corps supplies a number of items to other branches of the Army, and, under the "single manager plan," to the Air Force.

TRAINING OF ENLISTED MEN. From time immemorial, the need has existed in war for trained specialists who accompany, and sometimes precede, the fighting man, and facilitate his movements. They have had many names-sappers, pioneers, artificers, pontoneers, and so on. But essentially they were and are engineers-professional military engineers.

Today's engineer soldier spends his first eight weeks in basic combat training, learning to fight and function as an infantryman. Then he moves to advanced training at Fort Leonard Wood, or specialist training at the Engineer School, Fort Belvoir. Most of the basic engineer crafts are taught at Fort Leonard Wood. Here the engineer soldier acquires the rudiments of bridge construction and explosives, and the skills needed for building and pipeline construction-carpentry, plumbing, electrical work, welding, steelwork, rigging, and so on. Crane, tractor, and other equipment operators learn to handle the massive and modern earthmoving equipment of the Corps. Courses in leadership and management for noncommissioned officers (NCO's) are conducted. Eight weeks of these various courses lay the foundation for further training and development in engineer units.

At Fort Belvoir the more complicated techniques are taught. It is here that the Corps starts training its surveyors, draftsmen, engineer equipment and diesel mechanics, cartographers

and

photogrammetrists, and supply and camouflage specialists. The training of operating crews for nuclear power plants is in part carried on here. Also, men learn how to maintain and operate the complicated equipment needed in support of guided missiles. The engineer leaves Fort Belvoir prepared to assume his job in engineer units throughout the world, which are insatiable consumers of a wide variety of skills.

PROCUREMENT AND TRAINING OF OFFICERS. Engineer officers are obtained from West Point, from various colleges, by direct commission, and from the ranks through officer candidate schools (OCS).

All officers attend the basic course at Fort Belvoir. Later the regulars return to take the advanced course, and the career reservists to take the associate advanced course. Some are given special courses in airfield construction, maintenance, supply camouflage, and post engineering. Certain officers (and also enlisted men) train with industry to learn firsthand the operation and maintenance of equipment and machinery. Throughout the colleges of the nation, engineer officers are engaged in advanced study to qualify them professionally in engineering, and in a variety of fields ranging from advanced geodesy and nuclear physics to finance and management.

Finally, some selected engineer officers attend the senior service schoolsU. S. Army Command and General Staff College, U. S. Army War College, Industrial College of the Armed Forces, and National War College. There they prepare themselves to take their places beside officers from the other branches, in command of major Army organizations.

17 Jun 1775-5 Aug 1776 5 Aug 1776-1 Nov 1776 22 Jul 1777-10 Oct 1783 26 Feb 1795-7 May 1798 7 May 1798-1 Apr 1802 3 Jul 1802-20 Jun 1803 19 Apr 1805-31 Jul 1812 31 Jul 1812-12 Nov 1818 12 Nov 1818-1 Jun 1821 1 Jun 1821-24 May 1828 24 May 1828-6 Dec 1838 7 Dec 1838-3 Mar 1863 3 Mar 1863-22 Apr 1864 22 Apr 1864-8 Aug 1866 8 Aug 1866-30 Jun 1879 30 Jun 1879-6 Mar 1884 6 Mar 1884-27 Aug 1886

.Col. Richard Gridley .Col. Rufus Putnam .Maj. Gen. L. L. Duportail .Lt. Col. Stephen Rochefontaine Lt. Col. Henry Burbeck .Lt. Col. Jonathan Williams Col. Jonathan Williams Col. J. G. Swift Col. W. K. Armistead Col. Alexander Macomb ..Col. Charles Gratiot .Col. J. G. Totten ..Brig. Gen. J. G. Totten Brig. Gen. Richard Delafield .Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys .Brig. Gen. H. G. Wright ..Brig. Gen. John Newton

11 Oct 1886-30 Jun 1888 6 Jul 1888-10 May 1895 10 May 1895-1 Feb 1897 1 Feb 1897-30 Apr 1901 3 May 1901-22 Jan 1904 23 Jan 1904-25 May 1908 2 Jul 1908-11 Jun 1910 12 Jun 1910-11 Aug 1913 12 Aug 1913-11 Oct 1913 12 Oct 1913-6 Mar 1916 7 Mar 1916-31 Oct 1919 9 Jan 1920-19 Jun 1924 19 Jun 1924-27 Jun 1926 27 Jun 1926-7 Aug 1929 7 Aug 1929-1 Oct 1929 1 Oct 1929-1 Oct 1933 1 Oct 1933-18 Oct 1937 18 Oct 1937-1 Oct 1941 1 Oct 1941-30 Sep 1945 1 Oct 1945-28 Feb 1949 1 Mar 1949-25 Jan 1953 17 Mar 1953-30 Sep 1956 1 Oct 1956

THE MILITARY

"Military police" is the name given to soldiers who exercise police and allied functions, and who comprise a branch of the United States Army known as the Military Police Corps. While on duty, they are distinguished from other soldiers by a blue and white armband with the letters "MP," worn on the left arm.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. Although the Corps, as a permanent branch of the Army, is one of the youngest of the services, it has been repeatedly created as a temporary agency, and its traditions of duty, service, and security date back to our Revolution. In January of 1776, Washington appointed a "Provost Martial" to the "Army of the United Colonies." Two years later, by Congressional resolution, a Provost Corps was established "to be mounted on horse-back, and armed and accoutred as Light Dragoons." At about the same time the Marechausie' Corps was directed to apprehend "Deserters, Marauders, Drunkards, Rioters and Stragglers" and perform various other military police duties.

In September of 1862, a Provost Marshal General was appointed in the War Department for the duration of the Civil War. His primary function was the operation of the draft laws when these had been enacted but his subordinates, stationed throughout the country, were also charged with ap

.Brig. Gen. J. C. Duane .Brig. Gen. T. L. Casey .Brig. Gen. W. P. Craighill .Brig. Gen. J. M. Wilson Brig. Gen. L. Gillespie

. Brig. Gen. Alexander Mackenzie . Brig. Gen. William L. Marshall .Brig. Gen. William H. Bixby .Brig. Gen. William T. Rossell .Brig. Gen. Dan C. Kingman .Maj. Gen. William M. Black .Maj. Gen. Lansing H. Beach .Maj. Gen. Harry Taylor .Maj. Gen. Edgar Jadwin .Brig. Gen. Herbert Deakyne ..Maj. Gen. Lytle Brown .Maj. Gen. Edward M. Markham .Maj. Gen. Julian L. Schley .Lt. Gen. Eugene Reybold .Lt. Gen. Raymond A. Wheeler .Lt. Gen. Lewis A. Pick .Maj. Gen. Samuel D. Sturgis, Jr. ..Maj. Gen. E. C. Itschner

POLICE CORPS

prehending deserters, arresting disloyal persons, inquiring into and reporting treasonable practices, seizing stolen government property, and detecting spies, and were "authorized to call on any available military force within their respective districts, or else to employ the assistance of civilian constables, sheriffs, or police officers." In addition, an Invalid Corps, later called the Veteran Reserve Corps, was established in 1862 to perform military police duties and maintain internal security. This organization was disbanded in 1866.

In 1917 a Provost Marshal General was again appointed in the War Department for the duration of the war, to administer the Selective Service Law on the principle of "supervised decentralization." A Provost Marshal General, AEF, was also appointed in July 1917 to the American Expeditionary Forces as advisor on military police and provost marshal matters. On 15 October 1918, a Military Police Corps was activated in the AEF. Shortly after the cessation of hostilities, however, the Corps and the PMG's Department were again dissolved. Between 1919 and 1941, MP duties were performed by individuals and units detailed for that purpose at military installations.

In August, 1941, a Provost Marshal General's Office and a Military Police Corps were once more established. The nucleus of the Corps was three bat

A total of 150 military police battalions and more than 900 other military police units were activated during the war. These included MP organizations for tactical units of the Army Ground Forces and the Army Air Forces, communications zones, and the Zone of Interior; escort guard companies for handling prisoners of war; prisoner of war processing companies; post, camp or station military police companies; and criminal investigation detachments. Many detachments were also formed from bulk allotments for duty at military installations, patrolling towns and cities and maintaining order among military personnel on public carriers. The Corps grew to a peak strength, in June of 1945, of some 200,000 enlisted men and 9,250 officers.

On 19 June 1946, the Chief of Staff approved the continuation of the Military Police Corps and the Office of The Provost Marshal General as a part of the military establishment; and on 28 June 1950, Public Law 581 authorized the establishment of the Corps as a basic branch of the army.

Although a majority of MP units were disbanded following World War II, the Corps built up to about 42,000 during the Korean conflict. It was in the war-torn hills of Korea that the Corps applied the lessons learned in World War II. New experience was gained in the handling of mutinous Communist prisoners of war. Sudden

attacks on supply lines by guerrillas created a new mission, that of rear area security. During the early days of the Korean conflict, it was common to find military policemen fighting in the front lines with the infantry, thereafter returning to their primary duties of traffic control and the handling of prisoners of war.

THE CORPS TODAY. The Military Police Corps emerged from World War II, and the Korean fighting with a distinguished record of accomplishment and service, at home and in combat. That record-written on the bloody beachheads of every major invasion, on shell-blasted roads jammed with traffic moving to every front, and equally in soldier-packed cities-has earned for the Corps a permanent place in the military establishment. Wherever the United States Army has been, the Military Police Corps has been there also.

The mission of the Corps is the maintenance of law and order, the prevention and investigation of crime within the Army, the enforcement of orders and regulations, and the operation of confinement facilities. This mission includes the apprehension, and return to military control, of unauthorized absentees and escaped military prisoners; the retraining and rehabilitation of military prisoners; the control of traffic on military reservations; the physical security of posts, camps, stations and facilities; and the protection of the welfare of fellow soldiers.

Additional functions in time of war include the documentation, interment, care, treatment, work supervision, education, and repatriation of prisoners of war and civilian internees; maintenance of the official Information Bureaus of United States military and civilian personnel detained by enemy powers; and maintenance of the Prisoner of War Information Bureaus concerning enemy personnel interned by the United States, as required by the Geneva Conventions of 1949. Also, military police have a major role in the control of military traffic to insure the timely arrival of supplies, equipment, and personnel, and in the evacuation of refugees. The secondary mission of Corps personnel is to engage in combat when required.