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Figure 9 Enlisted Specialist Insignia.

INSIGNIA FOR AIDES. All aides wear, as insignia of duty, a shield surmounted by a gold eagle displayed with wings reversed. The nature of assignment is indicated by the devices on, and the colors of, the shield.

Aides to the President of the United States -On a blue shield, a circle of 13 white stars.

Aides to the Secretary of Defense-On a blue shield, 3 gold crossed arrows between 4 white stars.

Aides to the Secretary of the Army-On a red shield, a gold coat of arms of the United States between 4 white stars. Aides to General of the Army-On a blue shield, 5 white stars arranged in a circle, inner points touching. Aides to other General Officers-A shield composed of a blue chief and 13 vertical alternating white and red stripes with white stars indicating the general officer's grade horizontally on the blue chief.

These are shown by figure 10.

Aiguillettes are also worn by aides on both service and dress uniforms. Aides to the President wear the aiguil

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lette on the right side; all other aides (and Army attaches) wear it on the left. The service aiguillette consists of a length of braided gold cord with a single gold cord and ferrule attachment. The braided cord is passed under the arm and fastened on each side of the shoulder loop, the single loop and ferrule being attached to the front. The dress aiguillette is more elaborate, having two additional braided gold cords which crisscross over the outside of the arm and are secured to the lapel; two single gold cords and ferrules are attached to the front.

enameled star with 3 green enameled laurel leaves in each reentrant angle.

OTHER INSIGNIA DENOTING SPECIAL DUTY. Military personnel assigned to the Department of Defense wear on the left breast pocket an identification badge consisting of an eagle, with wings displayed horizontally, grasping 3 crossed arrows all gold and bearing on the breast a shield of the United States in enamel; a gold annulet passing behind the wing tips bearing 13 gold stars above eagle and a wreath of laurel and olive below; the whole superimposed on a silver sunburst of 33 rays.

SHOULDER SLEEVE INSIGNIA. To identify personnel of units definitely assigned to certain organizations, approved shoulder sleeve insignia are authorized for wear on the upper part of the outer half of the left sleeve of the service coat, and of other garments as may be prescribed. For the shoulder sleeve insignia of divisions and higher echelons, see chapter 28. They are also authorized for base commands, defense commands, logistical commands, regimental combat teams, administrative and technical branches, service schools, and many other organizations, far too numerous to be listed here.

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Officers assigned to the Army General Staff wear on the right breast pocket an identification badge consisting of the coat of arms of the United States in gold, the shield and glory enameled, superimposed on a 5-pointed black

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No official description of the seal has ever been found, nor have any official colors been assigned to the various elements. It is customarily colored bronze and may be described as follows

On a disc within a band inscribed "United States of America War Office," the following symbols composing a trophy of arms on the right side (left from observer's viewpoint) a cannon in front of a drum with two drumsticks; below are three cannon balls. On the left side (right from observer's viewpoint) a mortar on a trunnion; below are two powder flasks. In the center is a Roman breast plate over a jupon. Above the breast plate is a plain sword, point upward, with pommel and guard, supporting a Phrygian cap between an esponton and an organizational color (on the right) and a musket with fixed bayonet and national color of the Revolutionary War period on the left; both flags have cords and tassels and flagstaffs with spearheads. Above is a rattlesnake holding in its mouth a scroll inscribed "This We'll Defend." Below the breastplate are Roman numerals MDCCLXXVIII.

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The seal for the Department of Defense was approved in 1949. Description (figure 12) is as follows

On a medium blue disc within a dark blue band edged gold and bearing in white letters the inscription "Department of Defense United States of America," an eagle with wings displayed horizontally in natural colors and with talons grasping three gold arrows. On the breast of the eagle the shield of the United States. Above the eagle an arc of 13 gold stars with alternating gold rays. Below the eagle a wreath consisting of laurel to the right and olive to the left, all green. The three arrows refer to the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

The coat of arms of the United States Military Academy is shown by figure 13. Description follows

The shield of the United States, chief blue, 13 vertical stripes alternating white and red, bearing the gold helmet of Pallas Athene over a gold Greek sword. The shield is surmounted by an eagle with wings displayed in natural colors, and grasping in its right talons seven gold arrows and a branch of oak leaves, and in its left talons six gold arrows and a branch of laurel

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UNIFORMS

Various uniforms are prescribed for Army wear, depending on the season, conditions of service, and other factors. ARMY GREEN UNIFORM. This is worn by officers, warrant officers, and enlisted personnel, in performance of garrison duty, at appropriate seasons as prescribed by the commanding officer and during travel. Coats and trousers for officers and warrant officers are ornamented with black mohair braid. General officers wear a band of

braid 11⁄2 inches wide on each sleeve of the coat, and two stripes of braid 2inch wide and spaced 1⁄2-inch apart on each outside seam of the trousers. Other officers and warrant officers wear a band of braid 4-inch wide on the sleeve, and one stripe of braid 11⁄2 inches wide on the trousers. A cotton poplin shirt with black four-in-hand tie is worn under the coat. Shoes and socks are black. The Army green cap has a black visor and gold chin strap

for officers and warrant officers, black visor and black chin strap for enlisted personnel; for general and field officers the visor is embroidered with gold oak leaves. Several Army uniforms are illustrated by figure 14.

There are two overcoats, one of wool taupe and one of wind-resistant and water-repellent cotton material. Both have removable wool linings.

TROPICAL WORSTED UNIFORM. This is prescribed for officers and warrant officers and is optional for enlisted men. It is similar in cut to the Army green uniform but has a khaki color braid 2-inch wide on the sleeves for officers and warrant officers, and no stripes on the trousers. The Army green cap is worn with it.

When the tropical worsted uniform is worn with coat, and with the poplin shirt under the coat, it becomes a summer semidress uniform. When the coat is omitted, a tropical worsted shirt of the same material as the trousers becomes the outer garment; this constitutes a summer service uniform.

COTTON UNIFORMS. There are two cotton uniforms. One is the conventional uniform of shirt and trousers, both of cotton uniform twill, Army shade No. 1. In appearance it is the same as the tropical worsted uniform. The other is the cotton uniform, abbreviated. It is for on-duty and onpost wear, with conditions for wear at the discretion of major commanders.

ARMY BLUE UNIFORM. This is prescribed for officers and warrant officers and is optional for enlisted personnel. It is for general off-duty wear at social and similar functions.

Coats and trousers for all personnel are ornamented with gold or gold and other colored stripes. General officers wear a band of gold braid 11⁄2 inches wide on each sleeve and two 1/2-inch wide gold stripes on the trousers. Other officers and warrant officers wear on each sleeve two 4-inch two-vellum gold lace or gold color nylon or rayon stripes, placed 4-inch apart over a silk stripe of the first named color of the branch, the bottom of the lower stripe 3 inches above the bottom of the sleeve; and a 12-inch wide gold stripe trousers. Enlisted personnel

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wear on each sleeve a %-inch stripe of gold color nylon or rayon soutache braid, parallel to and 3 inches above the bottom of the sleeve and a 11⁄2-inch gold color stripe on the trousers.

Officers and warrant officers wear their insignia of grade on gold or goldcolor bordered shoulder straps 4 inches long. The background for general officers is blue-black velvet; for field and company officers, the first named color of their branch. Warrant officers' straps have a brown background. Chevrons for noncommissioned grades are of gold-color on a dark blue background matching the coat.

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Ornamentation on the Army blue cap is the same as that on the Army green service cap with the addition of an outside band 14 inches wide around the entire cap. General officers wear a blue-black velvet band embroidered with gold oak leaves. Other officers and warrant officers wear a silk band of the first named color of their branch, edged top and bottom with gold bands 11⁄2-inch wide. The band for enlisted personnel is of the same color as the cap, with gold-color braid 1⁄2-inch wide at the top.

ARMY WHITE UNIFORM. This is prescribed for wear in certain areas and is optional in others. Cap, coat, and trousers are white. The design of coat and trousers is the same as for the Army green uniform. It is for general off-duty wear, like the Army blue uniform.

OTHER UNIFORMS. These include the blue mess uniform, white mess uniform, and evening dress uniform. All three are illustrated by figure 14.

THE NATIONAL ANTHEM

The legally-prescribed National Anthem of the United States is "The StarSpangled Banner." The following is the usual version of the words—

Oh say! can you see, by the dawn's early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro' the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watch'd were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there.
Oh, say, does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

On the shore, dimly seen thro' the mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines on the stream;
'Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, oh, long may it wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

Oh, thus be it ever when free men shall stand
Between their lov'd homes and the war's desolation!
Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land
Praise the Pow'r that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto: "In God is our trust!"
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

The tune of the National Anthem is of unknown origin. It first appeared in 1775 as the song of the Anacreonic Society in London, an organization of wealthy music lovers. Ralph Tomlinson, lawyer and president of the Society, wrote "To Anacreon in Heaven" to be sung to this tune, which was first published in 1778. Although attempts have been made to assign the credit to Samuel Arnold, conductor of the Society's orchestra, or to John Stafford Smith, who published an arrangement for three voices in 1799, no composer is mentioned in any extant eighteenth century edition. It is possible that the tune existed as a military march before the Anacreonic Society adapted it for their purposes and made it famous.

In 1793 a patriotic parody, written to be sung to the tune, was published in New York newspapers; and by 1795 "To Anacreon in Heaven," as well as other parodies, appeared in American collections of songs. At least a hundred patriotic parodies have survived. Francis Scott Key wrote his first poem to the tune in 1805, and sang it at a dinner in Georgetown.

Key's more famous poem to this tune was written later under the provocation of more stirring circumstances. Late in August 1814 the British, in a successful sortie from their Chesapeake fleet, had taken the city of Washington and burned a number of public buildings. Returning to their ships, they arrested a Dr. Beanes of Upper Marl

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