recruiting objectives were raised; and by December of 1951 some 14,000

women were on active duty. Many were assigned to the Far East Command, to replace men who had been transferred to Korea.

In December, 1956, the Corps was redesignated United States Women's Army Corps.

THE CORPS TODAY. At the close of fiscal year 1957 there were 800 WAC officers, 43 warrant officers, and 7,136 enlisted women on active duty. They were assigned throughout the continental United States, and also in USAREUR, USARPAC/FE, and USARPAC/HAW.

Enlisted women are utilized in 130 military occupational specialties in seven of the Army's ten occupational fields. They are continually being assigned to new areas of specialization in the Army-for example, Army Air Defense Command units-so that, in case of mobilization, there will be a

nucleus of trained women in those fields. WAC commissioned officers and warrant officers are assigned in eight of the ten occupational fields. They are utilized in staff and operational assignments at all levels of staff and command. All officers are commissioned in the Corps, but many are detailed in other branches of the Army. The Director has the temporary rank of colonel, and is assigned to the Office of the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, as advisor on WAC affairs.

Standards for enlistment are high, with emphasis placed on quality of recruits rather than quantity. Applicants for appointment as officers must meet high mental, educational, moral, and physical requirements. Training is conducted Women's Army Corps Center at Fort McClellan (Ala.), which was established on 26 May 1954. Both officer and enlisted personnel attend advanced Army Schools.

at the permanent U.S.

14 May 1942-12 Jul 1945 12 Jul 1945-5 May 1947 5 May 1947-3 Jan 1953

3 Jan 1953-3 Jan 1957 3 Jan 1957

Col. Oveta Culp Hobby Col. Westray Battle Boyce Col. Mary A. Hallaren Col. Irene O. Galloway .Col. Mary L. Milligan

The mission of the Army Medical Service is both the prevention (as far as practicable) and the treatment of disease and injuries, including wounds received in battle. Prevention involves sanitary and other protective measures, and also physical examinations to insure that only persons of prescribed standards of fitness are brought into or retained in the military service. To accomplish its mission the Service maintains and operates dispensaries, hospitals, training schools, and research establishments, and provides medical units for the Army's combat and service forces."

The Service also has important supply functions. In the course of its work it utilizes an immense variety of supplies and equipment, in the categories of drugs, biologicals, and official reagents;

surgical dressing material;

surgical, dental,

X-ray, optical, and veterinary instruments, equipment, and supplies; hospital furniture, equipment, utensils, and supplies; medical field equipment and supplies.

The Service is headed by the Army Surgeon General. As the Chief of a technical service he is a staff officer of the Department of the Army, under the direct supervision and control of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics. However, on matters of health, medical care of troops, and the mobilization of professional military personnel, he has direct access to the Secretary of the Army and the Chief of Staff.

The Office of the Surgeon General consists of an executive group (Special Assistant for Nuclear Energy, Comptroller, Inspector General, Provost Marshal, Legal Office, Special Assistant for Reserve Forces, Technical Liaison

Office, Administrative Office, and the Chiefs of Corps) and ten major divisions (Personnel and Training, Medical Plans and Operations, Supply, Preventive Medicine, Nursing, Medical Statistics, Dental, Veterinary, Professional, and Medical Intelligence), and the Headquarters of the new Army Medical Research and Development Command.

The Research and Development Command, established by DA General Order No. 31, 23 August 1958, points up the increasing importance of Army medical research in the national effort. Brigadier General Joseph H. McNinch was named first Commander of the new organization. The Research and Development Division of the Army Surgeon General's Office became the Headquarters for the new command which will serve as a focal point for the direction of the Army Medical Service's worldwide research and development program to provide the Army with better preventive medicine measures and more effective and rapid treatment techniques.

The commissioned officers of the Army Medical Service are distributed in six "corps" or groups: the Medical Corps, the Dental Corps, the Veterinary Corps, the Army Nurse Corps, the Medical Service Corps (pharmacists, optometrists, and specialists in administration, sanitary engineering, medical supply, and allied medical sciences), and the Army Medical Specialist Corps (dietitians, physical therapists, and occupational therapists). The professional functions of the several corps are indicated by their names. More specifically, the Medical Corps includes practitioners of general medicine, general surgery, and the various specialties-such as preventive medicine, neuropsychiatry, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, radiology, and orthopedic surgery. Aside from their professional duties, Army Medical Service officers may be assigned to perform administrative, staff and command functions connected with medical service.

Requirements for appointment as an Army Medical Service officer vary with the several corps. The Army provides no undergraduate medical, dental, or veterinary training; candidates for

those corps must have received their professional degrees from accredited civilian institutions. In other corps, a civilian degree or some equivalent experience approved by The Surgeon General is required. Additional standards as to age and physical and moral fitness must be met. The nature of the requirements also depends on whether the applicant seeks entrance to the Army Reserve (active or inactive status) or the Regular Army, and on whether he or she has had a previous appointment. (Full information on appointments to the various corps may be obtained from the Personnel Division, Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Washington 25, D. C.)

Officers of the various corps, and enlisted personnel of the Army Medical Service, receive professional and military training at the Army Medical Service School; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Army Medical Service Meat and Dairy Hygiene School; United States Army Medical Optical and Maintenance Activity, and in Army hospitals. Officers are trained in basic and advanced military subjects appropriate to their corps and assignments. Medical officers are afforded opportunities to specialize in the various professional fields by means of residenIcies which follow military or civilian internship training. The Service is constantly improving and expanding the residency training program to provide sufficient training spaces for all approved applicants. Fellowship training is conducted at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and the Surgical Research Unit, Brooke Army Medical Center. This training is for specially selected medical, dental, and veterinary corps officers. Enlisted personnel are trained in career patterns in the various technical fields of the medical service to qualify them as valuable assistants in the medical care team. Career patterns include X-ray, dental, and medical laboratory, operating procedures, preventive medicine, and medical supply. Courses designed to develop these enlisted technicians are conducted at the various installations

room

nize, more fully than at any time in the past, the spiritual responsibilities of its chaplains and their vital importance. Nearly 9,000 of them saw service during the war, and their ministrations were made available to our troops on a scale never before attempted. Similarly, in the Korean conflict they were able to carry into the fighting zone the worship services and other spiritual ministrations which are an integral part of our country's heritage.

Today the Army's religious program is strong and secure, with the primarily religious function of its chaplains fully recognized.

In their dedicated service to their fellowmen, 279 of our Army chaplains have given their lives in the course of our history. Some were killed in action; some died as a result of wounds, disease, prisoner-of-war confinement, or from other causes. Many other chaplains have been decorated for gallantry or for distinguished service.

THE CHAPLAINS TODAY. By religious affiliation, the chaplains fall into one of the three major categories of Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Jewish. The Protestant chaplains are drawn from a number of different denominations. Numerical allocation by faith and denomination is in proportion to membership strengths as reported by the various religious bodies of the United States. Currently the Army carries a total of some 1,200 "soldiers of God" on its active-duty roster. This is a ratio of about one chaplain to every 850 enlisted personnel and officers. The presence of military dependents at most Army installations has greatly increased the number of persons to be served, and has widened correspondingly the scope of chaplains' duties. Those duties are of five principal kinds: religious services, religious education, pastoral activities, character guidance, and community relations.

WORSHIP SERVICES AND OTHER RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES. Chaplains conduct worship services at least once a week, on the Sabbath, and often sev

eral times during the week as well. In addition to a general Protestant service, a Protestant chaplain may conduct a separate service for the members of his own denomination. Marriages, baptisms, funerals, and other special religious ceremonies are also performed by the chaplain, as a part of his duties as a clergyman in uniform.

Through the religious services and other chapel activities that it provides, the Army tries to bring to the soldier, wherever the conditions of military service permit, the familiar surroundings of the church or synagogue in his home community. This is considered to be a factor of primary importance in watching over his moral welfare and encouraging his spiritual growth.

A special feature of the Army religious program is the conduct of retreats, which give servicemen and women an opportunity to gain spiritual refreshment through participation in special religious activities over a period of several days. Retreats for members of the three major faiths are held at three main retreat centers in Berchtesgaden (Germany), Oiso, (Japan) and Seoul, (Korea). In addition, Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish retreats are regularly scheduled at many Army installations.

RELIGIOUS EDUCATION. The chaplain administers a comprehensive program of religious education through Sunday or Sabbath Schools, catechism classes, Bible study groups, and allied activities. Audio-visual aids are an important element of the instruction.

PASTORAL ACTIVITIES. Counseling interviews, visits to parishioners at home or in barracks, hospital visitations, visits to men in prison, and other aspects of pastoral care occupy a prominent place among the chaplain's duties.

CHARACTER GUIDANCE. Each month the Chaplain gives an hour or more of instruction in character development, as a regular part of the Army training program. It is designed to educate men in the ethical concepts. and to show them the importance of