Department of State, and the Comptroller General's Office, on matters of a dual capacity affecting governmental interest. For further details on Military Law see chapter 17. TRAINING OF JAG PERSONNEL. Just before and during World War II there was difficulty in obtaining enough qualified officers for the JAG's Department. Some were provided by the Officers Reserve Corps and the National Guard; and efforts were made in 1942 to get others from civil life, or from among enlisted men with legal backgrounds. These methods proving inadequate, a Judge Advocate General's Officer Candidate School was activated in March of 1943. From that date until 26 February 1946, a total of 891 candidates were graduated from the school and entered the service as judge advocates. In addition, 1,097 officers attended the judge advocate's refresher course, and 486 officers attended the contracttermination course, both offered at the Judge Advocate General's School. The present Judge Advocate General's School, located at the University of Virginia, was established in 1951, and was responsible for the training of a great number of new or recalled officers during the Korean conflict. This school, truly an institute of higher legal education, is accredited by the American Bar Association. PROCUREMENT OF PERSONNEL. The procurement of sufficient judge advocates to carry out effectively the missions imposed by law is a continuing problem facing The Judge Advocate General. Available sources of procurement are: recall to extended active duty of reserve judge advocates in the lowest commissioned rank of first lieutenant; appointment of graduates of approved law schools who are members of the bar of the highest court of their state or a Federal Court; and transfer of qualified officers from other arms or services. As an indication of the magnitude and difficulties of the personnel procurement program, at the beginning of fiscal year 1958, there were 158 of the Corps' authorized 645 Regular Army spaces still unfilled after a continuing and energetic recruitment program. JUDGE ADVOCATES GENERAL OF THE ARMY. The following have served as such or in an equivalent position 29 Jul 1775-9 Apr 1777 2 Oct 1782-3 Nov 1783 3 Jan 1950-26 Jan 1954 27 Jan 1954-30 Dec 1956 1 Jan 1957 Col. William Tudor Col. John Lawrence Col. Thomas Edwards .Capt. Campbell Smith .Brevet Maj. John F. Lee .Brevet Maj. Gen. Joseph_Holt .Brig. Gen. William M. Dunn Brig. Gen. David G. Swaim .Brig. Gen. G. Norman Lieber .Brig. Gen. Thomas F. Barr Brig. Gen. John W. Clous .. Maj. Gen. George B. Davis .Maj. Gen. Enoch H. Crowder .Maj. Gen. Walter A. Bethel .Maj. Gen. John A. Hull Maj. Gen. Edward A. Kreger .Maj. Gen. Blanton Winship .Maj. Gen. Arthur W. Brown ..Maj. Gen. Allen W. Gullion .Maj. Gen. Myron C. Cramer .Maj. Gen. Thomas H. Green .Maj. Gen. Ernest M. Brannon .Maj. Gen. Eugene M. Caffey .Maj. Gen. George W. Hickman, Jr. Chapter 3 ORGANIZATION AND STRENGTH OF THE ARMY By "organization" of the Army is meant the manner in which personnel and units of the various combat arms and services, and their supporting and overhead agencies, are fitted together to make a complete machine, ready to keep the peace and to fight at a moment's notice if we are attacked. Beginning at the bottom, we have small troop units or detachments, each consisting wholly or primarily of one particular arm or service. These are TROOP UNITS OF THE The complexity of modern war requires many specialized units at the lower levels (company or equivalent, battalion, and regiment or equivalent). At the present moment' the Army has 521 different kinds of such units. Of these, 167 pertain to the combat arms; 312 pertain to the services; the remaining 42 pertain to other activities such as security, intelligence, military government, etc. Each such organized troop unit has a specified number of officers and men of various grades and skills; specified equipment, including weapons, tools, machines and mechanical devices, housekeeping equipment, transportation, and so on; and specified assignments and duties. For each unit there is published a "Table of Organization and Equipment" (often abbreviated TOE) giving full data on personnel, equipment, etc. Every TOE is designated by a hyphenated number, of which the first part designates the arm, grouped together to form larger balanced combat units, each containing units or personnel from a number of different arms or services. Such large units must receive service support, not only from their own service personnel but from other service establishments behind them. All the foregoing must in turn be grouped, in peace and war, into territorial commands; and over all of them is the Department of the Army. ARMS AND SERVICES service, etc., to which the unit pertains, and the second identifies the unit. Thus, the TOE's of all infantry units have the initial number 7-; TOE 7-17 deals with the infantry rifle company. This does not exhaust the list of lower-level Army units. The table below shows certain entities, usually called "service organizations," which can be identified by the fact that their TOE numbers end in -500 (for example, TOE 8-500, the Medical Service Organization). Such an entity is not an "organization" in the usual sense of the word, but merely a category, comprehending a number of small "cellular" units, in general independent of each other, usually called "teams." Generally speaking, a team differs from the ordinary type of troop unit in that the latter is more or less self-sufficient from an administrative and housekeeping viewpoint. A team, on the other hand, consists wholly or chiefly of specialists in 1 The progressive reorganization of the Army, needed to keep it in step with the development of new weapons and techniques, has resulted and will result in continuing changes in lower-level troop units. The data given below are correct as of the date when this book goes to press. 1-7 1-17 1-25 1-26 1-27 Infantry division Aviation company. Sky cavalry battalion, atomic support command, medium. Sky cavalry company, sky cavalry battalion, atomic support com- 20 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 1 Oct 56 1 Oct 56 1-57 Airborne division Aviation company. 1-107 1-207 Army Aviation company, fixed wing, tactical training. 1 Oct 56 10 Aug 56 19 Apr 55 4 Oct 57 Headquarters, headquarters and service company, infantry division Engineer company, infantry division Engineer battalion. Engineer combat battalion, army. Headquarters, headquarters and service company, Engineer combat 20 Dec 56 20 Dec 56 21 Jun 57 20 Dec 56 18 Mar 55 1 Oct 56 5-48 Engineer supply point company. 5-55 Engineer topographic battalion, army. 5-56 Headquarters and headquarters company, Engineer topographic 5-57 5-59 Engineer map reproduction and distribution company, army. 11 Feb 58 12 Mar 58 12 Mar 58 12 Mar 58 12 Mar 58 11 Feb 58 18 Mar 55 18 Mar 55 15 Nov 55 5-138 Engineer float bridge company. 5-157 5-167 Engineer field maintenance company. 19 Sep 57 28 Sep 56 7 Feb 56 Headquarters and headquarters company, Engineer combat group Headquarters and headquarters company, armored division Engineer 5-217 5-218 5-225 5-226 Engineer company, armored division Engineer battalion. 18 Nov 55 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 Headquarters and headquarters company, airborne division Engi- 10 Aug 56 10 Aug 56 The 2 This paragraph, while in some respects imprecise or requiring qualifications, will convey to the nonmilitary and their cellular components. reader the general nature and purpose of the "service organizations" concept of "teams" dates from World War II. Their obvious advantages are: (1) a large saving in housekeeping and other overhead personnel, and (2) the existence of small trained groups of specialists, ready at a moment's notice to reinforce a troop unit, headquarters, or other military agency which is overloaded with work, or which lacks certain technical personnel, facilities, or services. No. Title Date 5-227 5-262 5-266 Headquarters Airborne division Engineer company. Headquarters and headquarters company, Engineer maintenance and headquarters detachment, Engineer battalion. 5-267 Engineer depot company. 5-278 Engineer depot maintenance company. 5-279 5-301 Engineer parts depot company. 16 Sep 57 1 Jul 57 Headquarters and headquarters company, Engineer brigade. Headquarters and headquarters company, Engineer construction Headquarters, headquarters and service company, Engineer con struction battalion. 25 Mar 55 25 Mar 55 25 Mar 55 25 Mar 55 25 Mar 55 25 Mar 55 14 Feb 55 14 Feb 55 25 Mar 55 5-346 Headquarters and headquarters detachment, Engineer base topo- 25 Mar 55 Headquarters and headquarters company, Engineer construction Headquarters, headquarters and service company, Engineer heavy 9 Apr 56 9 Apr 56 9 Apr 56 Headquarters, headquarters and service company, Engineer pipe- 25 Jan 57 Headquarters and headquarters company, Engineer aviation group. Headquarters, headquarters and service company, Engineer aviation 1 Jun 55 1 Jun 55 1 Jun 55 1 Jun 55 5-500 5-525 5-526 Engineer service organization. Headquarters, headquarters and service company, Engineer shore 30 Mar 58 10 May 57 25 Mar 55 25 Mar 55 25 Mar 55 Headquarters and headquarters battery, infantry division Artillery. Headquarters and headquarters battery, Field Artillery howitzer Service battery, Field Artillery howitzer battalion, 105mm, towed. Service battery, Field Artillery battalion, 155mm howitzer, towed. 20 Dec 56 20 Dec 56 20 Dec 56 20 Dec 56 20 Dec 56 13 Feb 56 13 Feb 56 13 Feb 56 13 Feb 56 20 Dec 56 20 Dec 56 Service battery, infantry division Field Artillery composite battalion. 20 Dec 56 20 Dec 56 10 Aug 56 6-226 Headquarters and headquarters battery, airborne division Artillery. 10 Aug 56 21 Nov 55 21 Nov 55 Airborne Field Artillery battalion, 155mm howitzer, towed. 29 Nov 55 No. 6-236 6-237 6-238 6-300 6-301 6-315 6-316 6-317 6-319 6-325 6-326 6-327 6-328 Field Artillery howitzer battery, 155mm, self-propelled. Title Headquarters and headquarters battery, Airborne Field Artillery Airborne Field Artillery battery, 155mm howitzer, towed. Headquarters and headquarters battery, armored division Artillery. Field Artillery howitzer battery, 105mm, self-propelled. Armored division Field Artillery composite battalion. Service battery, armored division Field Artillery composite battalion. Headquarters and headquarters battery, Field Artillery group. Field Artillery howitzer battery, 8-inch, towed. Field Artillery battalion, 155mm gun or 8-inch howitzer, self- Field Artillery battery, 155mm gun, self-propelled. U. S. Army Field Artillery missile warhead support detachment. Field Artillery battalion, 240mm howitzer or 8-inch gun, towed. Headquarters, headquarters and service battery, Field Artillery battalion, 280mm gun. Date 29 Nov 55 29 Nov 55 10 Aug 56 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 1 Dec 56 7 Feb 56 4 Feb 58 13 Feb 58 13 Feb 58 4 Feb 58 4 Feb 58 18 Mar 55 25 Mar 55 13 Nov 57 21 Oct 55 18 Mar 55 18 Mar 55 1 Mar 56 10 May 57 10 May 57 10 May 57 20 Feb 57 9 Feb 56 26 Jan 56 Field Artillery missile battalion, Lacrosse, self-propelled. Headquarters and headquarters battery, Field Artillery missile Headquarters, headquarters and service battery, Field Artillery Headquarters and headquarters battery, Field Artillery missile 12 Feb 58 21 Jun 57 21 Jun 57 27 Oct 55 27 Oct 55 27 Oct 55 3 Mar 58 3 Mar 58 Infantry division headquarters and headquarters company. Headquarters and headquarters company, Infantry division battle 20 Dec 56 20 Dec 56 20 Dec 56 Headquarters and headquarters company, Infantry battalion. 13 Jun 56 20 Dec 56 13 Jun 56 1 Dec 56 7-26 Headquarters and headquarters company, armored Infantry bat- 1 Dec 56 Headquarters and headquarters company, airborne division battle 10 Aug 56 |