S$ 270, 271; internal organization of,
272-284; officers of, § 274; should mem-
bers of be sworn? form of oath, §§ 277-
283; rules for the government of, § 284:
mode of proceeding of, §§ 285-304: em-
ployment of committees in, §§ 285-294;
standing committees of, § 295; powers of,
$305-478; two theories as to powers of,
$$ 307-310; theory of the sovereignty of,
a novelty, §§ 311, 312; question of the
sovereignty of, considered, §§ 315-319;
powers of, with reference to the govern-
ment of the state, as a whole, §§ 320-330;
can they fill vacancies in the various gov-
ernmental departments? §§ 325, 327-330;
can they eject from office appointees of the
government? §§ 325-330; can they direct
governmental officers in the discharge of
their duties? §§ 325, 326; powers of, with
reference to the electors, §§ 331-364; can
they disfranchise electors? $$ 335-337;
can they fill their own vacancies? § 338;
can they authorize the colleagues of de-
ceased or resigning members to name their
successors? § 339; can they issue precepts
to the electors directing them to till vacan-
cies? §§ 340-347; can the electors hold
elections to fill vacancies in, at such time
or manner as they may think fit? §§ 348,
349; can they receive as delegates, per-
sons elected at a time or in a manner not
provided by law? § 350; can they limit
the discretion of the electors, or of the
sovereign, in the discharge of their duties?
§§ 351-362; can the electors instruct their
delegates to? §§ 362-364; relations of, to
the executive and judiciary, § 366; rela-
tions of, to the legislature, and powers
therefrom resulting, §§ 366-449; are but
mere committees, § 367; structure and
functions of, contrasted with those of
legislatures, §§ 367-375; power of, to an-
nul perfect rights, § 370, note 1; can legis-
latures bind? §§ 376-418; conceding the
power to bind, in what particulars may
they do so? §§ 379, 380; precedents stated
and considered, § 381; can they impose
limitations as to the recommendations
conventions shall or shall not make? pre-
cedents stated, §§ 381 a, 382, 382 c; cases
in which legislatures have given positive
directions to frame certain specific amend-
ments, §§ 382 a, 382 c; cases stated in
which legislatures have prohibited, from
recommending certain amendments, or to
do certain acts, §§ 382 b, 382 c; cases in
which power to bind, has been discussed
in legislatures or conventions, §§ 383-387;
question of power of legislatures to bind,
passed upon by Supreme Court of Penn-
sylvania, §§ 409 a-409 e; can legislatures
bind, to submit the fruit of their labors to
the people? §§ 410-418; do Conventions
possess legislative powers? §§ 419-441;
power of, to repcal ordinary laws, §§ 430-
434; power of, to appropriate money,
$8 435-441 b; power of, to act as a legis-
lature in matters required by the Federal
Constitution to be transacted by the legis

latures of the States, §§ 442-447; as, to
prescribe the times, places, and manner of
electing senators and representatives in
Congress, §§ 442-446; or to ratify pro-
posed amendments to the Federal Consti-
tution, § 447; power of, to fetter a discre-
tion confided by the Federal Constitution
to a State legislature, §§ 448, 449; power
of, to prescribe what legislature shall pass
upon an amendment to the Federal Con-
stitution, proposed by Congress, § 449 a;
or require state officers to take an oath to
support the Federal Constitution? § 449,
note; powers of, with reference to their
internal relations, express and implied,
§§ 450-470 a; powers of, with reference to
their organization, to the maintenance of
order, and to the conduct of their business,
§§ 454-458; power of, to arrest or punish
their own members or strangers, §§ 459-
470 a; privileges of members of, §§ 471,
472 a; power of, to prolong or perpetuate
their existence, §§ 473-478; duty of, to
submit their work to the people, in gen-
eral, § 479; duty of, where neither the
Convention Act nor the Constitution re-
quires submission, §§ 480, 481; duty of,
where submission is expressly required by
law, §§ 482, 483; duty of, where submis-
sion is by law expressly dispensed with,
§§ 484-486; cases in which submission
has been made by, stated, and observa-
tions upon them, §§ 487-495, and notes;
list of all that have been held in the United
States, Appendix B, p. 643.

Corollaries, practical, relating to the exer-
cise of sovereignty, § 25.

Council of Censors, a device for effecting
the amendment of Constitutions more in-
genious than useful, § 544.

Council of Revision, New York, opinion
of, relating to the proper manner of calling
a Convention, §§ 122, 484, 534, and Appen-
dix F, p. 669.
Counter- Revolutions,
§ 111.

description of,

Court, Supreme, of the United States, opin-
ion of, bearing on the question of Ameri-
can nationality, § 46; opinion of, bearing
on the question whether the States were
sovereign under the confederation, § 50;
of South Carolina, as to the validity of the
first two South Carolina Constitutions,
§ 136, note 2; of Michigan, and of Ohio,
on the validity of the first Convention of
Michigan, and of the government estab-
lished thereby, $§ 207, and note 1, on p.
198; of the United States, on the same
question, §§ 207, 208; do. on the validity
of the "People's Constitution" and gov-
ernment of Rhode Island, §§ 229-231; of
New York, opinion of, on the question of
the validity of the Act of Assembly modify-
ing the Convention Act of 1845, Appendix
D, p. 663; of Pennsylvania, on power of
legislatures to bind Conventions, §§ 409 a-
409 c; of Illinois, opinion of, as to repeal-
ability of an Act submitted to and adopted
by the people, §§ 407, 408; of Delaware,

opinion of, relative to legislation by the
people, § 418; of Illinois, decision of, re-
specting the "Chicago Ordinance," § 432;
of Arkansas, opinion of, respecting the
extent of the power of a legislature to
recommend amendments to a Constitu-
tion, $$ 551-555; of Rhode Island, on the
question of amending the Constitution,
§§ 573, 574.

D.

Dallas, George M., opinion of, as to the
powers of Conventions, § 308.
Davis, Henry Winter, speech of, on the Le-
compton Convention, § 215.
Debates, of Conventions, character of,
§ 457; provisions for preserving, § 275.
Delaware, Convention of, 1776, §§ 141,
142 do. of 1831 and 1852, § 217, 218; do.
of 1792, §§ 217, 219–225.

Delegates, to Conventions, who may be,
§§ 267-269; can Conventions receive as,
persons elected at a time or in a manner
not provided by law? § 350.
De Maistre, opinion of, respecting written
Constitutions, § 78, note 1.

Democracies, Constitutions of, § 70.
Dorr, Thomas W., elected Governor of
Rhode Island by the "people's party,"
§ 228.

E.

Elections to fill vacancies in Conventions,
when and how to be made, §§ 348, 349.
Electors, the, one of the agencies through
which sovereignty indirectly manifests it-
self, § 24: relative rank of, § 24; impro-
priety of leaving the duty of calling Con-
ventions to, § 118; commonly the only
constituents of Conventions, §§ 260-266;
functions and relations to Conventions of
the, §§ 314, 331-334, 364; powers of Con-
ventions with reference to the, §§ 335-365;
can Conventions disfranchise? §§ 335-337;
can Conventions exercise the functions of,
to elect delegates to fill vacancies in their
own ranks, or authorize the colleagues of
deceased or resigning members to fill
them? §§ 338, 339; can Conventions issue
precepts to the, directing elections to fill
vacancies? §§ 340-347; can elections be
held by the, at any time or manner they
may think fit? § 348; can Conventions
limit the discretion of the, in regard to the
persons whom they shall or shall not elect
to office? $$ 351-361; can the, instruct
their delegates to Conventions? §§ 362-

364.

England, enactment of Constitutions in,
§ 1.

Ewing, Thomas, speech of, on the Michi-
gan Convention of December, 1836, §
205.

Executive, the, one of the agencies through

which sovereignty indirectly manifests

itself, §24: relative rank of, § 24; impro-
priety of leaving the duty of calling Con-
ventions to, § 120; relations of, to Conven-
tions, § 366.

Executive act, the act of the people in
passing upon a fundamental law, not an,
$§ 510-513.

Expressio unius, &c., applicability of the
maxim to the construction of Constitu-
tions, §§ 572-574 c.

F.

Federal, Convention of 1787, §§ 163-166;
discussion in, as to binding force upon it-
self of the acts under which it assembled,
§§ 383-386.

Fisher, Trial of the Constitution, quoted, as
to the inadequacy of the mode provided in
the Federal Constitution for its own amend-
ment, § 543, note.

Florida Convention, of 1838, §§ 188, 189,
210; do. of 1885, §§ 217, 218; do. of 1861,
$§ 247-250; do. of 1865, §§ 250-258; do.
of 1868, §§ 258 a-258 d.

Frame of Government, as a part of the
American Constitutions, definition and
contents of, §§ 100, 101.

France, enactment of Constitutions in. § 1.
Frankland, State of, § 190.

Franklin, Benjamin, sketch of Articles of
Confederation prepared by, § 159.

G.

Gaston, the Hon. Mr., opinion of, as to the
powers of the North Carolina Convention
of 1835, § 387.

Georgia Convention, of 1776, § 147; do. of
1788, §§ 148, 149; do. of January, 1789,
and of May, 1789, §§ 148, 149, 218; do. of
1795, 1798, and 1877. §§ 217, 218; do. of
1833 and 1839, §§ 217, 219; do. of 1861, §§
247-250; do. of 1865, §§ 250-258; do. of
1867, §§ 258 a-258 d.

Government, leading principles of the
American system of, 1; branches or
departments of, by which sovereignty is
indirectly manifested, § 24; relative rank
of the various departments of, § 25; was
that established by the Federal Constitu-
tion a consolidated? §§ 42-45; opinion of
Patrick Henry as to the character of the
Federal, § 42; opinion of Mr. Taylor, of
North Carolina, § 42; opinion of James
Wilson, of Pennsylvania, § 42; defini-
tion of a consolidated, § 43; of the United
States, partly Federal, partly national,
§ 43; form of, in the colonies, in the early
period of the Revolution, §§ 126, 127, 133,
137, 139, 143, 145, 146, 147, 150, 156; is
the Convention a part of the system of?
§320; are members of Conventions officers
of? §§ 323-324; can a Convention appoint
officers to fill vacancies in? §§ 325-330;
can a Convention eject from office persons
holding office under? §§ 325, 326; can a

Convention direct officers of, in the dis-
charge of their duties? 325, 326; is an
Act calling a Convention a government
measure?§398; is a power to recommend
amendments to a Constitution amongst the
general powers of? § 555.

Grimke, Mr., of South Carolina, opinion
of, quoted, § 48.

H.

Hallett, B. F., argument of, in the case of
Luther v. Borden, § 233; opinion of, re-
specting the sovereignty of Conventions,
§311; speech of, on the right of Conven-
tions to issue precepts to the electors,
§ 344.

Hamilton, Alexander, opinion of, as to the
powers and duty of the Federal Conven-
tion, §§ 40, 385.

Henry, Patrick, opinion of, as to the loca-
tion of sovereignty in the United States,
§ 42.

Holst, von, Professor, observations of the
author upon a notice of this work in Sybel's
Historische Zeitschrift, Appendix C, p.

656.

Howe, Senator, opinion of, respecting the
submission to the executive of amend-
ments proposed by Congress to the Federal
Constitution, § 559.

Howell, R. K., Judge, appointed president
pro tem. of the Louisiana Convention of
1864, § 475.

Hurd, John Codman, opinion of, as to the
location of sovereignty in the United
States, § 60; on the distinction between
Constitutions, as objective facts, and as
instruments of evidence, § 63, note 1.

I.

Illegitimate and revolutionary, distinction
between, § 113.

Illinois, Convention of, of 1818, § 187; do.
of 1847, and of 1862, §§ 217, 218; do. of
1862, form of oath administered to mem-
bers of, §§ 282, 283; do. of 1862, charge
against members of, of complicity with
Knights of the Golden Circle, §§ 467, 468.
Indiana, Convention of, of 1816, §§ 186,
187; do. of 1850, §§ 217, 219.
Instructions, can the electors give, to their
delegates to Conventions? §§ 362-364.
Iowa, Convention of, of 1844, §§ 188, 189;
do. of 1846, §§ 188, 189; do. of 1857,
§§ 217, 218.

J.

Jay, John, participation of, in the formation
of the New York Constitution of 1777,
§§ 151, 152.

Jefferson, Thomas, character of the Vir-
ginia Convention of 1776, as given by,
138; opinion of respecting the repeal-

ability of the Virginia Constitution of
1776, § 138, note 2; opinion of, respecting
the amendment of Constitutions, §§ 82,
535, note.

Johnson, Andrew, President, proclamations
of, relating to the reconstruction of the
seceded States, § 257.

Johnson, Reverdy, Senator, speech of,
quoted, respecting the submission to the
executive of amendments proposed by
Congress to the Federal Constitution, §
560.

Judges, extra-judicial opinions of; weight to
be given to, on Constitutional questions,
Appendix E, p. 667.

Judicial act, the act of the people in pass-
ing upon a fundamental law, not a, § 510.
Judiciary, the, one of the agencies through
which sovereignty indirectly manifests it-
self, § 24; relative rank of, § 24; impro-
priety of leaving to, the duty of calling
Conventions, considered, § 119; relations
of, to Conventions, § 366.

K.

Kansas, Convention, of 1885 (Topeka), §§
211, 212; do. of 1857 (Lecompton), §§ 213-
216; do. of 1858 (Leavenworth) and 1859
(Wyandotte), § 216; submission of Con-
stitution of, of 1857, to the people, §§ 415,
416, 514-520.

Kent, James, Chancellor, opinion of, bear-
ing on the question of American nation-
ality, § 48.

Kentucky, erection of the District of, into
a State; history of Convention of, of 1792,
§§ 173, 174; Conventions of, of 1799 and
1849, §§ 217, 218; resolutions of, of 1798,
§§ 47, 50.

Knights of the Golden Circle, charge of
complicity with, against members of the
Illinois Convention of 1862, §§ 467, 468.

L.

Laboulaye, Edouard, extracts from article
by, in Revue des Deux Mondes, on the
constituent power (Du Pouvoir Constitu
ant), Appendix A, p. 637.
Law, fundamental, or Constitution, a funda-
mental conception in this inquiry, § 17;
fundamental and ordinary municipal, dis-
tinction between, §§ 85-87; duty of leg-
islatures to frame the municipal, and of
Conventions to frame the fundamental, §§
370-372; language of a, § 406.

Laws, power of Conventions to repeal ordi-
nary, §§ 430-434.

Leavenworth Convention of Kansas, § 216.
Lecompton Convention of Kansas, history
and character of, §§ 213-216; Constitution,
submission of, to the people, §§ 517–520.
Legislation, various kinds of, how effected
here and in other countries, § 1; are acts
calling Conventions properly acts of ordi-
nary? §§ 404-409; the act of the people

in passing upon a fundamental law an act
of, § 513.
Legislative powers, do Conventions pos-
sess? §§ 419, 441 6.

Legislature, the, or General Assembly, de-
scribed, § 6; one of the agencies through
which sovereignty indirectly manifests it-
self, § 24; relative rank of, § 24; the proper
body to call Conventions, §§ 121, 394-396;
relative numbers constituting the, in Eng-
land and the United States, § 121; of Vir-
ginia, of May 6, 1862, validity of, §§ 183-
185; relation of Conventions to the, and
their powers resulting therefrom, §§ 366-
418; structure and functions of the Con-
vention contrasted with those of the, §§ 367
-375; can the, bind the Convention? §§ 376
-418; limits of the power of the, to restrict
the Convention in general, §§ 379-382;
power of the, to dictate to the Convention
what it shall or shall not recommend,
§§ 381, 382; question discussed in various
Conventions, §§ 383-387; where Acts of
the, which have been voted on by the peo-
ple, are conceded to bind the Convention,
source of their validity, $$ 389-409; can
the, bind the Convention by its Acts to
submit the fruit of its deliberation to the
people, §§ 410-418; can a Convention act
as a, in matters by the Federal Constitu-
tion required to be transacted by the legis
latures of the several States? §§ 419, 442,
447; can a Convention prescribe the times,
places, and manner of electing Senators
and Representatives in Congress? §§ 442-
446; can a, as a legislature, ratify pro-
posed amendments to the Federal Consti-
tution? § 447; a State, power of a Con-
vention to fetter a discretion confided to,
by the Federal Constitution, §§ 419, 448-
449; can a Convention prescribe what
State, shall act upon an amendment to the
Federal Constitution proposed by Con-
gress? § 449 a; where amendments to a
Constitution are recommended by a, na-
ture of its act, §§ 547-550; extent of the
power of a, to recommend amendments to
a Constitution, §§ 551-555; where amend-
ments are recommended by a, should they
be submitted to the executive for ap-
proval, §§ 556-562; where a State has once
rejected amendments proposed by Con-
gress to the Federal Constitution, can it
or its successor reconsider them? § 563.
Legitimacy, the term defined and illus-
trated, §§ 105-108.

Lex Parliamentaria, how far the, prevails in
Conventions, § 459.

Limitation of time, is there a, applicable to
amendments proposed by Congress to the
Federal Constitution? §§ 585-586.
Lincoln, Abraham, President, proclamation
of, of December 8, 1863, relating to the re-
construction of the rebel States, § 255.
Location of sovereignty theoretically con-
sidered, § 21; considered with reference
to historical facts in the United States and
in foreign countries, §§ 26, 27; as indi-
cated by Austin's marks or tests, § 28; as

indicated by the additional marks laid
down herein, § 29; as determined by the
exercise of sovereignty, §§ 56, 57.
Louisiana, Convention of, of 1811, §§ 187-
189; do. of 1844, §§ 217, 218; do. of 1852
and 1879, §§ 217, 219; do. of 1864, §§ 250-
258; do. of 1867, §§ 258 a-258 d; case of
arrest by, of 1864, §§ 469-470 a; reassem-
bling and disposal of, §§ 474-477.
Lowndes, Rawlins, connection of, with the
formation of the South Carolina Constitu-
tion of 1778, § 136.

M.

Madison, James, opinion of, as to the func
tions and duties of the Federal Conven-
tion, § 40; do. on the question whether the
States were ever sovereign, § 49; as to the
powers of Conventions, § 309.

Maine, erection of, into a State; Convention
of, of 1819, §§ 175-177.

Maine, Henry Sumner, on ancient law,
quoted, § 66.

Manifestation of sovereignty, modes of,
§§ 23, 24.

Marks or tests of sovereignty, Austin's,
§ 19; additional, laid down herein, § 20.
Martindale, J. H., Attorney-General of
New York, opinion of, as to the power of
Conventions to appropriate money, § 441 a.
Maryland, Convention, of 1776, § 145; do.
of 1864 and 1867, §§ 217, 218; do. of 1850,
§§ 221-225; revolutionary movement in,
in 1837, §§ 204, 224.

Mason, George, opinion of, as to the powers
of the Federal Convention, § 384.
Massachusetts, Revolutionary Convention
in, in 1689, §§ 9, 10; first government of,
independent of the crown, § 127: Conven-
tion of, of 1778, § 156; do. of 1779, §§ 157,
158; do. of 1820, §§ 217, 218; do. of 1853,
§§ 217, 219; consent of, to the erection of
the District of Maine into a State, § 176;
opinions of judges of the Supreme Court
of, on question of amending Constitution,
§§ 573, 574.

May, Thomas P., arrest of, by the Louisi-
ana Convention of 1864, §§ 469, 470.
McLean, John, Justice, dissenting opinion
of, relating to the State government of
Michigan, framed in 1835, § 208.
Meeting, Public, or Spontaneous Conven-
tion, §§ 4, 5.

Members of Conventions, who may be,
§§ 267-269; should they be sworn? and
form of oath, §§ 277-283; are they State
officers? §§ 322-324; privileges of, §§ 471,

Misconceptions respecting the nature of
Constitutional Conventions, § 15.
Missouri, Convention of, of 1820, § 187; do.
of 1845, 1861, and 1865, §§ 217, 219; do.
of 1875, §§ 217, 218; ordinance of, of 1865,
to vacate offices under the State govern-
ment, §§ 327-330.

Mode, signification of the term, when used
in reference to sovereignty, $
§ 55.
Monarchies, limited, § 70; absolute, § 70.
Money, power of Conventions to appropri-
ate, §§ 435-441 a.

Morton, Marcus, speech of, on the right of
Conventions to issue precepts to the elec-
tors, § 345.

N.

Nation, do the United States constitute a?
§§ 30-50; what it is to be a, § 39; what it
is not to be a, § 31; the consolidation of
the United Colonies into a, the evident pur-
pose of God and of the men of all times in
America, § 34; bearing of the mode of rat-
ifying the Federal Constitution on the ques-
tion whether the United States constitute a,
§§ 36-38; opinions of contemporary states-
man on the question, §§ 39, 45; judicial
decisions and opinions of statesmen and
publicists subsequent to the formation of
the Federal government, on the question,
§§ 46-48; if the United States constitute
a, sovereignty resides in the nation, §§ 30,
50; allegiance due to the, §§ 52, 53.
Nationality, American, the question of, con-
sidered, §§ 30-50; successive steps in the
development of, in the United States, §§ 34,
35; bearing on the question of our, of the
mode of ratifying the Federal Constitution,
§§ 36-38; opinions of contemporary states-
men on the question, §§ 39-45; opinions
of statesmen and publicists, and judicial
decisions, subsequent to the formation of
the Federal Government, on the question,
§§ 46-48.

Nations, method of nature in the genesis of,
explained, §§ 32, 33.

Nebraska, Convention of, of 1864, §§ 187,
210; do. of 1866, §§ 188, 210; do. of 1875,
§§ 217, 218.

Nevada, Convention of, of 1863, § 187; do.
of 1864, §§ 188, 189, 210.

New Hampshire, advice of the Continen-
tal Congress to, relative to founding new
government in, § 127; Convention of, of
1775, § 131; do. of 1778 and of 1781, § 132;
do. of 1791, § 218; do. of 1850 and of
1876, §§ 217, 218.

New Jersey, Convention of, of 1776, § 139;
do. of 1844, § 219; delegates to the, of
1844, elected equally from all parties, § 271.
New York, Convention of, of 1776, §§ 150-

152; consent of State of, to the erection of
Vermont into a State, § 171, note 1: Con-
ventions of 1801, 1821, and 1846, § 219; do.
of 1867, §§ 217, 218; Constitutional Com-
mission of, of 1872, §§ 546 a-546 d; veto of
the Council of Revision of, of the Conven- |

tion bill of 1820, Appendix F, p. 669; opin-
tions of the Judges of the Supreme Court
of, respecting the power of a legislature to
modify a Convention Act passed upon by
the people, Appendix D, p. 663.
Niles, Senator, speech of, on the Michigan
Convention of December, 1836, § 206.
Non-Resistance, doctrine of, stated, and
relation of, to contents of our Bills of
Rights, §§ 242-244.

North Carolina, Convention of, of 1776,
§ 146; consent of State of, to the erection
of Louisiana into a State; and deed of
cession of, §§ 190-197; Convention of, of
1875, §§ 217, 218; do. of 1835, §§ 217, 219;
do. of 1861, §§ 247-250; do. of 1865, §§ 250-
258: do. of 1868, §§ 258 a-258 d; do. of
1835, oath administered to members of,
§ 281; do. of 1835, discussion in, as to
binding form of the Act under which it
assembled, § 387.

0.

Oath, should members of Conventions take
an? §§ 277, 278; form of, §§ 279-283 b;
question as to form of, discussed in Illi-
nois Conventions of 1862 and 1869, §§ 282,
283; in Ohio Conventions of 1850 and 1873,
§ 283 a; observations upon these cases,
$283 b; can a State Convention require
State officers to take, to support the Fed-
eral Constitution? § 449, note.
O'Connor, Charles, argument of, as to the
power of Conventions to limit the electors,
$353; do. as to the validity of amend-
ments, § 574 a.

Officer, is a member of a Convention an?
§§ 321-324.

Offices of Conventions, what are, and how
chosen? § 274; are members of a Conven-
tion State officers? §§ 322-324; can a Con-
vention appoint to fill vacancies in the
government? §§ 325-330; can a Conven-
tion eject from office persons who are,
under the government? 325, 326; can a
Convention direct, in the discharge of
their official duties? §§ 325, 326.
Offices, Ordinance of the Missouri Conven-
tion of 1865, to vacate certain, under the
State government, §§ 327-330.

Ohio, Convention of, of 1802, § 187; do. of
1850 and of 1873, §§ 217, 218.
O'Mulveny, Judge, was he lawfully elected
a member of the Illinois Convention of
1862? §§ 321-324.

Ordinance, of 1787, extension of provisions
of, to Tennessee, §§ 190, 191; bearing of,
on the legitimacy of Conventions called
within the territory covered by it, §§ 188-
207; of the Missouri Convention of 1865,
to vacate offices under the State govern-
ment, §§ 327-330.

Ordinances, definition and use of, § 103 a.
Oregon, Convention of, of 1857, §§ 188, 189,
210.

Organization of Conventions, §§ 272-284;
how initiated, § 273.