the United States, you would not relieve the State Department censor of the obligation to censor that document, would you?

Secretary ACHESON. I think I should probably take the same attitude, because to tell the censor to cut out something which the committee believed and voted should be given out, would only get us into fruitless wrangling. The committee has other ways of putting it out. I don't think that reflects much on my attitude.

Senator LODGE. Well, following up the question from Senator Morse, if you had felt that the release of this document was going to seriously endanger the security of the United States, you probably never would have sent it up here in the first place, would you?

Secretary ACHESON. It is not at all that I think this endangers the security of the United States. It endangers the effectiveness of the Voice of America. That is why it is confidential.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. Mr. Chairman.
Chairman RUSSELL. Senator Cain.

RESPONSIBILITY FOR LEAK OF DOCUMENT IN TOKYO

Senator CAIN. Mr. Secretary, you were prevented by an interruption-I think it was mine-from answering my third question posed to you a few minutes ago.

I asked whether or not the State Department had conducted an investigation to determine how your confidential document was leaked or illegitimately or unwarrantedly released to the press and what the results of that investigation have been.

Secretary ACHESON. We did not conduct the investigation. We asked the Defense Department to look into it, since this occurred in Tokyo. They did look into it, and as I recall the report, it was that this came out by inadvertence. It was not intended by the officer who let it out to let it out, but he did it by accident.

Senator CAIN. Does that mean you know who the officer was who inadvertently let it out?

Secretary ACHESON. No, sir.

Senator CAIN. The investigation only said one of your employees inadvertently let it out?

Secretary ACHESON. No; this occurred in Tokyo.

Senator CAIN. Yes, sir.

Secretary ACHESON. In the Department of the Army. It had nothing to do with the State Department.

Senator CAIN. A military man inadvertently released a State Department confidential document?

Secretary ACHESON. Yes, sir.

Senator CAIN. I thank you.

Secretary ACHESON. He did not release it. He allowed it to be seen by mistake.

RECESS FOR CONFERENCE REPORT ON MANPOWER BILL

Chairman RUSSELL. The conference report on the universal military training and military manpower bill is up on the floor of the Senate. My presence there has just been requested. It therefore will be necessary for me to go to the Senate, and I ask Senator Connally to take over.

Senator MCMAHON. Mr. Chairman, I think that I shall have to go to the floor of the Senate if this bill is under consideration. This is a most important bill and I think we all have got to go over there.

Chairman RUSSELL. Senator, I certainly would not quarrel with you about the importance of the bill. It is a bill of tremendous importance.

However, I thing that the conference report, I might say that while it is important in the legislative process, that the report be adopted, I do not think that any of the issues that are raised by the conference report are as greatly different from the bill as it passed the Senate to justify on my own motion recessing this committee, but a number of questions have arisen with respect to the bill. I did not expect to be on the floor more than 30 minutes yesterday afternoon. I was there for the better part of 3 hours.

Senator MORSE. Mr. Chairman.

Chairman RUSSELL. Senator Johnson, who was chairman of the subcommittee that wrote the bill, and is also one of the conferees, also should be over in the Senate.

Senator MORSE. Mr. Chairman, I think a conference report on the bill involves the drafting up to 5,000,000 young Americans is of such great importance to the Senate of the United States that it would be a great mistake for this Committee to remain in session while that conference report is being adopted, and therefore I move you that we recess until 2:30.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. Mr. Chairman, would the Senator withhold his motion for just a moment? I do not care to pursue any questions if the committee desires to adjourn. I have some questions I want to pursue on this matter.

Chairman RUSSELL. The motion to recess is not debatable.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. I understand.

Senator HUNT. I should like to amend the motion of the Senator from Oregon by saying that we recess until such time as the conference committee report is disposed of.

Senator MORSE. Well, if it is disposed of before 2:30, we would not come back until 2:30. If it is not disposed of until after 2:30, we come back at a reasonable time after its disposition. I think it will be disposed of by 2:30.

Chairman RUSSELL. The motion is not debatable.

Senator MORSE. Stand on the wording.

Chairman RUSSELL. Those who favor the motion will say "aye." (Chorus of "ayes.")

Chairman RUSSELL. Those opposed will say "no."

(No response.)

Chairman RUSSELL. The "ayes" have it. We will stand in recess until 2:30.

(Whereupon at 12:15 p. m. the hearing was recessed to reconvene at 2:30 p.m. this same day.)

AFTERNOON SESSION

Present: Senators Russell, Connally, Wiley, George, Smith (New Jersey), Hickenlooper, McMahon, Lodge, Fulbright, Sparkman, Gillette, Brewster, Bridges, Byrd, Saltonstall, Johnson (Texas), Morse, Knowland, Hunt, Cain, and Stennis.

Chairman RUSSELL. When the committee recessed this morning the question was on the motion of Senator Knowland that the committee release to the public the instructions from the State Department of December 1949 with which you are all familiar.

Mr. Secretary, as a rule to spare mutual embarrassment, the witness is not in the room. If you will be kind enough to go out to the security room, unless you have some further statement

Secretary ACHESON. No, sir; I would be delighted to do whatever you say.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. Mr. Chairman, I have some questions I wanted to ask to clear up this.

Chairman RUSSELL. I am sorry, if they have a bearing on this point, Senator Hickenlooper; yes.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. I had asked Mr. Fisher to get some information during the noon hour.

Chairman RUSSELL. I had no knowledge of that.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. I thought I made clear just before the motion to recess was made that I had some questions which I would not attempt to ask at that time, but I would when we reconvened after lunch.

Chairman RUSSELL. I did not understand that. I knew you sought recognition, but I thought you wanted to make a statement of some kind.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. I said I would not attempt to ask the questions at that time if it was the desire of the committee to recess. Chairman RUSSELL. Very well.

STATE DEPARTMENT CLASSIFICATION REGULATIONS

Senator HICKENLOOPER. Mr. Secretary, the question of classification is interesting to me in this matter. I asked Mr. Fisher during the noon hour to get the classification regulations, that is, what constitutes "confidenial," what constitutes "secret," and "top secret" information in the State Department's classification. As I understand it, the Armed Forces classification may be slightly different, or the reasons for it.

I wonder if you can tell me what the various degrees of classification of important documents are in the State Department regulations; that is, the military has "top secret," "secret," "confidential,” and

so on.

Secretary ACHESON. Yes, Senator Hickenlooper. The categories of classified material are at the top "top secret," then there is "secret," then there is "confidential," then there is "restricted," and finally, unclassified.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. Yes.

Now, does the State Department recognize such a classification over "top secret" as "for eyes only," for instance, or "destroy upon reading"; that is the officer to whom it is directed shall destroy upon reading?

Secretary ACHESON. Well, that

Senator HICKENLOOPER. I say that because I understand in some departs there are those two classifications on top of "top secret." Secretary ACHESON. We have "eyes only" messages. I think that is not a degree of classification but is a procedure that "eyes only" messages go only to those people.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. It was my understanding that an "eyes only" message was a message that under no circumstances could be reproduced for files or anything else by the officer to whom it was directed, and who was reading it.

Secretary ACHESON. I just cannot answer that.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. It may be immaterial. It is another classification.

Now, do you have a definition of what constitutes confidentialSecretary ACHESON. Yes, sir.

Senator HICKENLOOPER (continuing). Material in the State Department classification?

Secretary ACHESON. Yes, sir. That is under the regulation, the security regulations, of the Department of State, section 191.23:

Confidential: Classification confidential shall apply to information or material which, if disclosed, without authorization, would prejudice the national interest or the work of any Government agency by hampering development and carrying out of an important policy and negotiations in progress or might result in unwarranted injury to an individual. A majority of material should be classified no higher than confidential.

PERSONS AUTHORIZED TO CLASSIFY

Senator HICKENLOOPER. NOW, Mr. Secretary, who has the authority to place a confidential classification on a document of the State Department, that is below the Secretary of State, who can classify any degree he wants to-in other words, the lowest officer in the State Department who can classify confidential?

Secretary ACHESON. That is regulation 191.3, "Determining the classification of documents."

General provisions: The originator of a document shall be responsible for determining its proper security classification. Only one security classification shall be assigned to a single document or device.

Well, I think you have the answer.

It goes on

Senator HICKENLOOPER. I may suggest-what I am trying to get at-in the Military Classification Manual, it says that: "Confidential and restricted documents—

Secretary ACHESON. Let me give you--

Senator HICKENLOOPER. "Can be classified by authority of any commissioned officer in the Army."

I wondered what the degree of authority must be, in the State Department, or what the level of authority must be, the lowest level of authority for classification of "Confidential"?

Secretary ACHESON. In regard to "Confidential," regulation 191.42

says:

Any originator of official material may classify material "Confidential" or "Restricted," as warranted by the contents.

DISTRIBUTION OF DOCUMENT IN QUESTION

Senator HICKENLOOPER. How many copies of this confidential document of December 23, 1949, under discussion were promulgated by the Department?

Secretary ACHESON. I think I have that here. To missions abroad there were 234. In the Department of State, 150. To other agencies,

72.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. What in general would be the nature of the other agencies? Would that include the military?

Secretary ACHESON. National Defense, 42; this interdepartmental committee the initials of which are IFIS, which coordinates information, 8; the CIA, 20, the ECA, 2.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. That would be something in excess of 350.
Senator SALTONSTALL. Four hundred and fixty-six.
Secretary ACHESON. I think the total is 456.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. Four hundred and fifty-six. Now, did copies go to all of our missions abroad?

Secretary ACHESON. I cannot say. I have got Scuth America, 40; Europe, 90; the Far East, 40; Germany, 4; the Near East 60-Near East and Africa.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. Mr. Secretary, isn't it reasonable to believe that with that dissemination or promulgation of that number of copies of these documents, that this document has fallen long since into the hands of the Soviet?

Secretary ACHESON. I would not know. I should hope not.

Senator HICKENLOOPER. I think, with the apparent thoroughness with which the Soviet operates, that it might well be argued that it possibly might have dropped into their hands long since and that they have a complete copy of the document and a full knowledge of it. But did copies go to our diplomatic people in Tokyo?

Secretary ACHESON. The only diplomatic person we have in Tokyo is an officer who is on the staff of SCAP, his political advisor. There is no indication here that it went to him.

EFFECT OF RELEASING DOCUMENT IN QUESTION

Senator HICKENLOOPER. Have you or does the Department or the Voice of America have knowledge that the Soviet used this document or referred to it or the article published in the newspapers in January with reference to this document, that is January 1950? Have they used it as propaganda in any way so far as any knowledge you or the Department or information that you or the Department received? Secretary ACHESON. We can ascertain that. I don't know it. Senator HICKENLOOPER. I understood you to say just before we adjourned that the publication of this document would not effect the security of the United States or the security of our troops or forces in Korea, but that it would cause embarrassment to one of our departments, namely the Voice of America. Am I correct in my understanding of that statement?

Secretary ACHESON. I think the first part of your statement is correct. I do not think I said it would cause any embarrassment, I think it would impair the effectiveness.

ABUSE OF POWER TO CLASSIFY

Senator HICKENLOOPER. Impair the effectiveness. May I ask your view on this one proposition, and that is if the theory that has been argued to some extent or advanced here this morning, that simply be